abril 14, 2011
abril 13, 2011
Escassez II
Por João Neto às 09:47
abril 11, 2011
Escassez
[O]nly because scarcity exists is there even a problem of formulating moral laws; insofar as goods are superabundant (“free” goods), no conflict over the use of goods is possible and no action-coordination is needed. Hence, it follows that any ethic, correctly conceived, must be formulated as a theory of property, i.e., a theory of the as signment of rights of exclusive control over scarce means. Because only then does it become possible to avoid otherwise inescapable and unresolvable conflict.
Por João Neto às 19:34
abril 10, 2011
abril 08, 2011
Diferença de Tratamento
Por João Neto às 09:01
abril 06, 2011
abril 05, 2011
abril 04, 2011
Manutenção
Como corolário de (a) verificamos que a plena execução destes objectivos necessita de uma república (no sentido da igualdade de direitos e deveres fundamentais ou legais). Relativamente a (b) obtemos uma resposta sobre as questões de tolerância a ideias contrárias: uma sociedade civil deve proteger-se contra quaisquer acções que ameacem a sua existência (especialmente se originadas pelos líderes eleitos para exercer a governação). Também por (b) se justifica que o direito à educação seja universal, grátis e compulsório (uma população mais iletrada é menos capaz de sustentar uma sociedade civil).
Existem outros tipos de direitos, como direitos políticos (direito ao voto, de poder ser eleito, de petição) ou direitos económicos (direito à troca e ao lucro, acesso a um mercado o mais livre possível e de igual oportunidades, etc.). Estes direitos são muitíssimo importantes mas não creio que sejam tão importantes como os direitos civis referidos. Os direitos políticos implicam uma democracia, e os económicos um sistema capitalista. Ora, a democracia e o capitalismo são as melhores ferramentas que possuímos para manter uma sociedade civil (apesar das suas implementações presentes serem passíveis de muitos melhoramentos). Mas elas são apenas ferramentas. Encontrando melhores soluções, estes sistemas poderiam ser substituídos (talvez isto nunca venha a acontecer mas diz-nos o passado que o futuro encerra imensas potencialidades inesperadas). O que eu não estou disposto a sacrificar é o ideal da sociedade civil em troca de qualquer outra proposta, por mais apetecível e viável que seja*.
(*) Somos cidadãos do nosso tempo. A ideologia, mais ou menos cerrada, apanha-nos a todos.
Por João Neto às 11:34
março 31, 2011
Solidariedade Inter-geracional
Por João Neto às 18:11
março 29, 2011
Exploração
Por João Neto às 14:45
março 28, 2011
Redução
Por João Neto às 10:36
março 25, 2011
Hipocrisia Aplicada
Isto pode-se fazer:


Já isto é proibido:
On October 21, 1971, [...] Disney accused the Pirates of copyright infringement, trademark infringement, unfair competition, intentional interference with business, and trade disparagement through the wrongful use of its characters. It stated that Disney, through "great effort and...large sums of money," had created characters whose "image of innocent delightfulness...are known and loved by people all over the world, particularly children" and that the defendants' efforts to "disparage and ridicule" these characters threatened to destroy Disney's business. The complaint requested that Disney be awarded all of the Pirates' profits, $5,000 for each copyright infringement, treble damages for the trademark infringement, punitive damages of $100,000 from each defendant, surrender of the offending books, and reimbursement of its attorneys' fees. [ref]
Disney filed a million dollar lawsuit against a family-owned clown company for trademark infringement. Marisol Perez-Chaveco and her husband run Kool Klown Party People in Claremont. The couple bought Winnie-the-Pooh, Eyeore and Tigger costumes on eBay for $700 and advertised the caracters on their company website, MySpace and Craig's List. Disney sent them three letters demanding them to remove the pictures and turn the costumes over to Disney so they can be destroyed. If not they would be sued. [ref]
Por João Neto às 10:49
março 21, 2011
Inércia II
Por João Neto às 08:34
março 18, 2011
Inércia
Por João Neto às 10:32
março 14, 2011
Interesses
Um post completo de um novo blog de teoria política muito interessante: "The remarkable truth of this conversation between bleeding heart libertarians and progressives is that our disagreement is exclusively empirical. If we all agree that political institutions should be arranged to alleviate poverty, then the only remaining question is which policies actually do this. Why is it then that we cannot agree, or at least converge, by just looking at reliable data, studies, and empirical theories? I suggest an answer: in the political arena, a person often supports a policy, not because of the effects he thinks that policy will have, but because his supporting it has symbolic value for himself or others. Supporting the minimum wage is an act that stands for a value such as concern for the poor. The person who is concerned for the poor wants to express that concern, and there are acts that socially symbolize that concern: praising the New Deal, announcing that you voted for a Democrat, supporting public schools, criticizing Bush. Symbolic behavior, I hasten to say, is not exclusive of progressives. In libertarian circles someone may oppose environmental regulation for symbolic reasons. That position evinces a hostile attitude toward government regulation in general which he wants to express. In his haste to send the right signals he overlooks (say) the problems of externalities and market failure. The speaker in these cases might not simply want to express himself. He may be anxious to be accepted in certain groups who associate the verbal act with other beliefs that the speaker presumably has and that make him a desirable candidate for admission. I have found that this problem, self-defeating political symbolism, is extraordinarily hard to eradicate and fatally gets in the way of agreement between these two audiences. Progressives feel compelled to stand by their positions even in the face of evidence that the policies they advocate frustrate the goal they profess. They stick to those views because the views strongly symbolize and give unity to a vision of the world associated with social justice. Libertarians, on the other hand, have a hard time convincing progressives that they care for the poor because they endorse policies that do not socially symbolize concern for social justice. I do not know how to get around this problem, but, for whatever is worth, I find symbolic behavior morally objectionable, because the speaker cares about the values he expresses more than about those persons he says he wants to help." Fernando Teson, Bleeding Heart Libertarians
Por João Neto às 20:29
março 08, 2011
Heresias
Por João Neto às 07:58
março 03, 2011
Ideologia
Por João Neto às 03:03
fevereiro 28, 2011
Asserções Sustentadas
Por João Neto às 13:16
fevereiro 25, 2011
Resíduo
Por João Neto às 09:01
fevereiro 21, 2011
Adaptação Moral
Por João Neto às 18:09
fevereiro 16, 2011
A Emergência da Polícia
Por João Neto às 10:44
fevereiro 13, 2011
O mapa não é o território
O cérebro habita o território, a mente desenha e desenha-se nos mapas.
Por João Neto às 21:42
fevereiro 10, 2011
fevereiro 07, 2011
Experimentação
"The life of the Law has not been Logic, it has been experience" Oliver Wendell Holmes
Por João Neto às 10:35
fevereiro 04, 2011
Progresso
Por João Neto às 07:24
fevereiro 02, 2011
"[...] many statistical results from scientific studies that showed great significance early in the analysis are less and less robust in later studies. For instance, a pharmaceutical company may release a new drug with great fanfare that showed extremely promising results in clinical trials, and then later, when numbers from its use in the general public trickle back, shows much smaller effects. Or a scientific observation of mate choice in swallows may first show a clear preference for symmetry, but as time passes and more species are examined or the same species is re-examined, the effect seems to fade.
This isn't surprising at all. It's what we expect, and there are many very good reasons for the shift.
Regression to the mean: As the number of data points increases, we expect the average values to regress to the true mean…and since often the initial work is done on the basis of promising early results, we expect more data to even out a fortuitously significant early outcome.
The file drawer effect: Results that are not significant are hard to publish, and end up stashed away in a cabinet. However, as a result becomes established, contrary results become more interesting and publishable.
Investigator bias: It's difficult to maintain scientific dispassion. We'd all love to see our hypotheses validated, so we tend to consciously or unconsciously select reseults that favor our views.
Commercial bias: Drug companies want to make money. They can make money off a placebo if there is some statistical support for it; there is certainly a bias towards exploiting statistical outliers for profit.
Population variance: Success in a well-defined subset of the population may lead to a bit of creep: if the drug helps this group with well-defined symptoms, maybe we should try it on this other group with marginal symptoms. And it doesn't…but those numbers will still be used in estimating its overall efficacy.
Simple chance: This is a hard one to get across to people, I've found. But if something is significant at the p=0.05 level, that still means that 1 in 20 experiments with a completely useless drug will still exhibit a significant effect.
Statistical fishing: I hate this one, and I see it all the time. The planned experiment revealed no significant results, so the data is pored over and any significant correlation is seized upon and published as if it was intended. See previous explanation. If the data set is complex enough, you'll always find a correlation somewhere, purely by chance.
[...] Yes, science is hard. Especially when you are dealing with extremely complex phenomena with multiple variables, it can be extremely difficult to demonstrate the validity of a hypothesis (I detest the word "prove" in science, which we don't do, and we know it; Lehrer should, too). What the decline effect demonstrates, when it occurs, is that just maybe the original hypothesis was wrong." P.Z.Myers, Science is not Dead, blog Pharyngula.
Por João Neto às 22:59
janeiro 27, 2011
Umwelt
Por João Neto às 07:11
janeiro 24, 2011
Fronteiras
Por João Neto às 10:44


