março 03, 2011
fevereiro 28, 2011
Asserções Sustentadas
Por João Neto às 13:16
fevereiro 25, 2011
Resíduo
Por João Neto às 09:01
fevereiro 21, 2011
Adaptação Moral
Por João Neto às 18:09
fevereiro 16, 2011
A Emergência da Polícia
Por João Neto às 10:44
fevereiro 13, 2011
O mapa não é o território
O cérebro habita o território, a mente desenha e desenha-se nos mapas.
Por João Neto às 21:42
fevereiro 10, 2011
fevereiro 07, 2011
Experimentação
"The life of the Law has not been Logic, it has been experience" Oliver Wendell Holmes
Por João Neto às 10:35
fevereiro 04, 2011
Progresso
Por João Neto às 07:24
fevereiro 02, 2011
"[...] many statistical results from scientific studies that showed great significance early in the analysis are less and less robust in later studies. For instance, a pharmaceutical company may release a new drug with great fanfare that showed extremely promising results in clinical trials, and then later, when numbers from its use in the general public trickle back, shows much smaller effects. Or a scientific observation of mate choice in swallows may first show a clear preference for symmetry, but as time passes and more species are examined or the same species is re-examined, the effect seems to fade.
This isn't surprising at all. It's what we expect, and there are many very good reasons for the shift.
Regression to the mean: As the number of data points increases, we expect the average values to regress to the true mean…and since often the initial work is done on the basis of promising early results, we expect more data to even out a fortuitously significant early outcome.
The file drawer effect: Results that are not significant are hard to publish, and end up stashed away in a cabinet. However, as a result becomes established, contrary results become more interesting and publishable.
Investigator bias: It's difficult to maintain scientific dispassion. We'd all love to see our hypotheses validated, so we tend to consciously or unconsciously select reseults that favor our views.
Commercial bias: Drug companies want to make money. They can make money off a placebo if there is some statistical support for it; there is certainly a bias towards exploiting statistical outliers for profit.
Population variance: Success in a well-defined subset of the population may lead to a bit of creep: if the drug helps this group with well-defined symptoms, maybe we should try it on this other group with marginal symptoms. And it doesn't…but those numbers will still be used in estimating its overall efficacy.
Simple chance: This is a hard one to get across to people, I've found. But if something is significant at the p=0.05 level, that still means that 1 in 20 experiments with a completely useless drug will still exhibit a significant effect.
Statistical fishing: I hate this one, and I see it all the time. The planned experiment revealed no significant results, so the data is pored over and any significant correlation is seized upon and published as if it was intended. See previous explanation. If the data set is complex enough, you'll always find a correlation somewhere, purely by chance.
[...] Yes, science is hard. Especially when you are dealing with extremely complex phenomena with multiple variables, it can be extremely difficult to demonstrate the validity of a hypothesis (I detest the word "prove" in science, which we don't do, and we know it; Lehrer should, too). What the decline effect demonstrates, when it occurs, is that just maybe the original hypothesis was wrong." P.Z.Myers, Science is not Dead, blog Pharyngula.
Por João Neto às 22:59
janeiro 27, 2011
Umwelt
Por João Neto às 07:11
janeiro 24, 2011
Fronteiras
Por João Neto às 10:44
janeiro 20, 2011
janeiro 17, 2011
Ficções
Por João Neto às 07:40
janeiro 14, 2011
Gestão danosa
Por João Neto às 10:31
janeiro 06, 2011
Initio
Por João Neto às 12:31
janeiro 04, 2011
Ontologia
Por João Neto às 08:17
dezembro 14, 2010
Separação
Por João Neto às 10:02
dezembro 09, 2010
Contexto
The context of discovery refers to how new ideas are generated in science. Playing off of Thomas Kuhn’s work on paradigms (and without getting into a side discussion of Kuhn’s own position), some post-modernists argued that science is a humanist-type of endeavor because scientists come up with their ideas in quirky and culturally contingent ways, rather than rigorous or methodical ways. However, what makes science methodologically rigorous is not how new ideas are generated (the context of discovery) but how they are tested (the context of later justification)." Steve Novella, citado do post The Context of Anecdotes and Anomalies
Por João Neto às 13:06
novembro 25, 2010
Teoria de Grafos
Por João Neto às 06:14
novembro 22, 2010
Compromisso
Por João Neto às 12:52
novembro 13, 2010
Pendor
Por João Neto às 21:27
novembro 02, 2010
Constituição
Por João Neto às 09:31
outubro 28, 2010
you gotta have faith, as required by law

Por João Neto às 10:17
outubro 25, 2010
Lindo!
- making it still harder;
- redefining what we mean by ‘solving’ it, so that it becomes something we can do;
- inventing a dignified and technical-sounding word to describe this procedure, which has the psychological effect of concealing the real nature of what we have done, and making it appear respectable.
- Suppose that, after tossing the ball in, we shake up the urn. However complicated the problem was initially, it now becomes many orders of magnitude more complicated, because the solution now depends on every detail of the precise way we shake it, in addition to all the factors mentioned above.
- We now assert that the shaking has somehow made all these details irrelevant, so that the problem reverts back to the simple one where the Bernoulli urn rule applies.
- We invent the dignified-soundingword randomization to describe what we have done. This term is, evidently, a euphemism, whose real meaning is: deliberately throwing away relevant information when it becomes too complicated for us to handle.
At this point, you may accuse us of nitpicking, because you know that after all this sermonizing, we are just going to go ahead and use the randomized solution like everybody else does. Note, however, that our objection is not to the procedure itself, provided that we acknowledge honestly what we are doing; i.e. instead of solving the real problem, we are making a practical compromise and being, of necessity, content with an approximate solution. That is something we have to do in all areas of applied mathematics, and there is no reason to expect probability theory to be any different. E.T. Jaynes, Probability Theory, The Logic of Science
Por João Neto às 21:27
outubro 21, 2010
outubro 18, 2010
Rumo
Por João Neto às 06:36
outubro 14, 2010
Equilíbrio
Por João Neto às 09:00
outubro 09, 2010
Não fazemos porque não sabemos
You insist that there is something a machine cannot do. If you will tell me precisely what it is that a machine cannot do, then I can always make a machine which will do just that!
Por João Neto às 09:15

