<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672</id><updated>2012-02-16T08:02:01.262Z</updated><category term='sociedade'/><category term='ensino'/><category term='religião'/><category term='evolução'/><category term='turner'/><category term='Dr.Spleen'/><category term='Portugal'/><category term='contos'/><category term='tecnologia'/><category term='fronteiras'/><category term='música'/><category term='geografia'/><category term='mutações'/><category term='labirinto'/><category term='tolerância'/><category term='jogos'/><category term='epistemologia'/><category term='Kahneman'/><category term='genocidio'/><category term='vida'/><category term='fotografia'/><category term='esoterismo'/><category term='Zizek'/><category term='política'/><category term='interpretação'/><category term='Frank Herbert'/><category term='ecologia'/><category term='escrita'/><category term='vídeo'/><category term='história'/><category term='simulação'/><category term='filosofia'/><category term='perguntas'/><category term='ignorância'/><category term='indução'/><category term='filmes'/><category term='blogs'/><category term='humor'/><category term='Non Sequitur'/><category term='lei'/><category term='memória'/><category term='poesia'/><category term='direito'/><category term='TV'/><category term='micro-contos'/><category term='aforismos'/><category term='realidade'/><category term='imagens'/><category term='Durer'/><category term='viagem'/><category term='ética'/><category term='vermeer'/><category term='citações'/><category term='modelos'/><category term='computação'/><category term='Richard Dawkins'/><category term='realidade virtual'/><category term='fé'/><category term='economia'/><category term='cepticismo'/><category term='koan'/><category term='Daniel Dennet'/><category term='haiku'/><category term='copyright'/><category term='razão'/><category term='mitologia'/><category term='Stephen Pinker'/><category term='Hieronymus Bosch'/><category term='relações'/><category term='matemática'/><category term='Dali'/><category term='Calvin+Hobbes'/><category term='anime'/><category term='algoritmos'/><category term='linguagem'/><category term='Dilbert'/><category term='livros'/><category term='magritte'/><category term='Monty Python'/><category term='ciência'/><category term='astronomia'/><category term='cognição'/><category term='utopias'/><category term='fanatismos'/><category term='liberdade'/><category term='Turing'/><title type='text'>Ruminaçœs Digitais</title><subtitle type='html'>&lt;i&gt;Morrerás em breve. É incontestável. E quanta verdade morrerá contigo sem saberes que a sabias. Só por não teres tido a sorte de num simples encontro ou encontrão ta fazerem vir ao de cima&lt;/i&gt; - Vergílio Ferreira</subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default?max-results=100'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><link rel='next' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default?start-index=101&amp;max-results=100'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>911</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>100</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-6720287250039715822</id><published>2012-02-16T08:02:00.002Z</published><updated>2012-02-16T08:02:01.276Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='epistemologia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='realidade'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='ciência'/><title type='text'>Falácia de Projecção Mental</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Alfred North Whitehead no seu livro &lt;i&gt;Process and Reality&lt;/i&gt; de 1929 apresentou o que ficou conhecido como &lt;i&gt;The Fallacy of Misplaced Concreteness&lt;/i&gt;: &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;neglecting the degree of abstraction involved when an actual entity is considered merely so far as it exemplifies certain categories of thought (pg.11). &lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Este é um aviso sobre o erro de confundir o abstracto com o concreto. Esta ideia possui várias denominações. Talvez a mais conhecida seja a de Alfred Korzybski, 'O mapa não é o território'. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;A este mesmo problema E.T. Jaynes designou por &lt;i&gt;Falácia de Projecção Mental&lt;/i&gt;. No texto seguinte Jaynes usa-o para discutir as interpretações da teoria quântica e como a confusão entre estes dois níveis -- entre ontologia e epistemologia -- pode ter estado na origem do célebre desacordo de que &lt;i&gt;deus não joga aos dados&lt;/i&gt; entre Einstein e Bohr:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;The failure of quantum theorists to distinguish in calculations between several quite different meanings of 'probability', between expectation values and actual values, makes us do things that don't need to be done; and to fail to do things that do need to be done. We fail to distinguish in our verbiage between prediction and measurement. For example, the famous vague phrases: 'It is impossible to &lt;i&gt;specify&lt;/i&gt;...'; or 'It is impossible to &lt;i&gt;define&lt;/i&gt;...' can be interpreted equally well as statements about prediction or statements about measurement. Thus the demonstrably correct statement that the present formalism cannot &lt;i&gt;predict &lt;/i&gt;something becomes perverted into the logically unjustified (and almost certainly false) claim that the experimentalist cannot &lt;i&gt;measure&lt;/i&gt; it!&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;We routinely commit the Mind Projection Fallacy: supposing that creations of our own imagination are real properties of Nature, or that our own ignorance signifies some indecision on the part of Nature. It is then impossible to agree on the proper place of information in physics. This muddying up of the distinction between reality and our knowledge of reality is carried to the point where we find some otherwise rational physicists, on the basis of the Bell inequality experiments, asserting the objective reality of probabilities, while denying the objective reality of atoms! These sloppy habits of language have tricked us into mystical, pre-scientific standards of logic, and leave the meaning of any QM result ambiguous. Yet from decades of trial-and-error we have managed to learn how to calculate with enough art and tact so that we come out with the right numbers!&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;The main suggestion we wish to make is that how we look at basic probability theory has deep implications for the Bohr-Einstein positions. Only since 1988 has it appeared to the writer that we might be able finally to resolve these matters in the happiest way imaginable: a reconciliation of the views of Bohr and Einstein in which we can see that they were both right in the essentials, but just thinking on different levels.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Einstein's thinking is always on the ontological level traditional in physics; trying to describe the realities of Nature. Bohr's thinking is always on the epistemological level, describing not reality but only our information about reality. The peculiar flavor of his language arises from the absence of all words with any ontological import. J. C. Polkinghorne (1989, pp. 78,79) came independently to this same conclusion about the reason why physicists have such difficulty in reading Bohr. He quotes Bohr as saying:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;"There is no quantum world. There is only an abstract quantum physical description. It is wrong to think that the task of physics is to find out how nature is. Physics concerns what we can say about nature." &lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;[...] Bohr would chide both Wigner and Oppenheimer for asking ontological questions, which he held to be illegitimate. Those who, like Einstein (and, up until recently, the present writer) tried to read ontological meaning into Bohr's statements, were quite unable to comprehend his message. This applies not only to his critics but equally to his disciples, who undoubtedly embarrassed Bohr considerably by offering such ontological explanations as "Instantaneous quantum jumps are real physical events." or "The variable is created by the act of measurement.", or the remark of Pauli quoted above, which might be rendered loosely as "Not only are you and I ignorant of &lt;i&gt;x&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;; Nature herself does not know what they are."&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;We disagree strongly with one aspect of Bohr's quoted statement above; in our view, the existence of a real world that was not created in our imagination, and which continues to go about its business according to its own laws, independently of what humans think or do, is &lt;i&gt;the primary experimental fact of all&lt;/i&gt;, without which there would be no point to physics or any other science.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;The whole purpose of science is learn what that reality is and what its laws are. On the other hand, we can see in Bohr's statement a very important fact, not sufficiently appreciated by scientists today as a necessary part of that program to learn about reality. Any theory about reality can have no consequences testable by us unless it can also describe what humans can see and know. For example, special relativity theory implies that it is fundamentally impossible for us to have knowledge of any event that lies outside our past light cone. Although our ultimate goal is ontological, the process of achieving that goal necessarily involves the acquisition and processing of human information. This information processing aspect of science has not, in our view, been sufficiently stressed by scientists (including Einstein himself, although we do not think that he would have rejected the idea).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Although Bohr's whole way of thinking was very different from Einstein's, it does not follow that either was wrong. In the writer's present view, all of Einstein's thinking (in particular the EPR argument) remains valid today, when we take into account its ontological purpose and character. But today, when we are beginning to consider the role of information for science in general, it may be useful to note that we are finally taking a step in the epistemological direction that Bohr was trying to point out sixty years ago.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;But our present QM formalism is not purely epistemological; it is a peculiar mixture describing in part realities of Nature, in part incomplete human information about Nature - all scrambled up by Heisenberg and Bohr into an omelette that nobody has seen how to unscramble. Yet we think that the unscrambling is a prerequisite for any further advance in basic physical theory. For, if we cannot separate the subjective and objective aspects of the formalism, we cannot know what we are talking about; it is just that simple. &lt;b&gt;E.T. Jaynes&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;a href="http://bayes.wustl.edu/etj/articles/prob.in.qm.pdf"&gt;Probability in Quantum Theory&lt;/a&gt; (1996).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-6720287250039715822?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/6720287250039715822/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=6720287250039715822&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/6720287250039715822'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/6720287250039715822'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2012/02/falacia-de-projeccao-mental.html' title='Falácia de Projecção Mental'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-7842001100537604102</id><published>2012-02-13T21:50:00.000Z</published><updated>2012-02-13T21:50:00.069Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='cognição'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='evolução'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='citações'/><title type='text'>Adaptação</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"[The Dis] wanted their civilization to last forever— that's the one thing we do know about them. They built for the ages in everything they did. The evidence is that they did last a very long time— maybe eighty million years. But early on, they discovered a disquieting truth we are only just learning ourselves. It is this: Sentience and toolmaking abilities are powerful ways for a species to move into a new ecological niche. But in the long run, sentient, toolmaking beings are never the fittest species for a given niche. What I mean is, if you need tools to survive, you're not well fitted to your environment. And if you no longer need to use tools, you'll eventually lose the capacity to create them. It doesn't matter how smart you are, or how well you plan: Over the longest of the long term, millions of years, species that have evolved to be comfortable in a particular environment will always win out. And by definition, a species that's well fitted to a given environment is one that doesn't need tools to survive in it. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;[...]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"It's the same with consciousness. We know now that it evolves to enable a species to deal with unforeseen situations. By definition, anything we've mastered becomes instinctive. Walking is not something we have to consciously think about, right? Well, what about physics, chemistry, social engineering? If we have to think about them, we haven't mastered them— they are still troublesome to us. A species that succeeds in really mastering something like physics has no more need to be conscious of it. Quantum mechanics becomes an instinct, the way ballistics already is for us. Originally, we must have had to put a lot of thought into throwing things like rocks or spears. We eventually evolved to be able to throw without thinking— and that is a sign of things to come. Some day, we'll become like the people of Dis, able to maintain a technological infrastructure without needing to think about it. Without needing to think, at all…&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"The builders of Dis faced a dilemma: The best way to survive in the long run on any world they colonized was to adapt yourself to the environment. The best survivors would be those who no longer needed technology to get by. They tried to outlaw such alterations, but how do you do such a thing for the long term without suppressing the scientific knowledge that makes it possible? Over tens or thousands of millennia, you can only do this by suppressing all technological development, because technologies intertwine. This tactic results in the same spiral into nontechnological life. So inevitably, subspecies appeared that were better survivors in a given locale, because they didn't need technology in that locale. This happened every time, on all their worlds.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"The inhabitants of Dis had studied previous starfaring species. The records are hard to decipher, but I found evidence that all previous galactic civilizations had succumbed to the same internal contradictions. The Dis-builders tried to avoid their fate, but over the ages they were replaced on all their worlds by fitter offspring. These descendents had no need for tools, for culture, for historical records. They and their environment were one. The conscious, spacefaring species could always come back and take over easily from them. But given enough time… and time always passes… the same end result would occur. They would be replaced again. And so they saw that their very strength, the highest attainments they as a species had achieved, contained the seeds of their downfall.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"This discovery finally explained to us why toolmaking species are rare to begin with. It takes an unusual combination of factors to create a species that is fit enough to survive, but at the same time is so unfit in its native environment that it must turn to its weakest organ, its brain, for help. Reliance on tools is a tremendous handicap for any species; only a few manage to turn it into an asset.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"The builders of Dis knew they were doomed. We all are: technological civilization represents a species' desperate attempt to build a bubble to keep hostile environments at bay. Sentient species also never cooperate with one another over the long term, because the environments they need in order to live are incompatible. Some, like the Chicxulub, accept this easily and try to exterminate everyone else. Even they can't stop their own evolution and so eventually they cease to be starfaring species. Destruction or devolution are the only choices."&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Karl Schroeder&lt;/b&gt; - &lt;i&gt;Permanence&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-7842001100537604102?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/7842001100537604102/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=7842001100537604102&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/7842001100537604102'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/7842001100537604102'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2012/02/adaptacao.html' title='Adaptação'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-7418475626391901206</id><published>2012-02-06T07:04:00.002Z</published><updated>2012-02-06T07:04:00.381Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='cognição'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='modelos'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Kahneman'/><title type='text'>Perfeito, Imperfeito</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;O teorema de Bayes mostra como se deve integrar nova evidência ao conhecimento prévio já adquirido. A sua aplicação determina exactamente como a inferência e a aprendizagem podem ser optimizadas. Porém, não é assim que a cognição humana funciona. Para entender esta são necessários modelos de inferência imperfeitos, complexos, prevendo decisões que possam ser sub-óptimas, até incoerentes (e.g., a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospect_theory"&gt;Prospect Theory&lt;/a&gt; de Daniel Kahneman). Este é um reflexo da história evolutiva do nosso cérebro que, como tudo o resto na evolução, é o possível entre as limitações físicas e cognitivas, o contigente da geografia, do clima e do tempo onde a nossa espécie se desenvolveu, dos compromissos cegos do passado.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-7418475626391901206?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/7418475626391901206/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=7418475626391901206&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/7418475626391901206'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/7418475626391901206'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2012/02/perfeito-imperfeito.html' title='Perfeito, Imperfeito'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-3774389888280234530</id><published>2012-02-02T08:19:00.001Z</published><updated>2012-02-02T08:45:30.150Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='linguagem'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='sociedade'/><title type='text'>Distância</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;As palavras representam um compromisso de significados. Cada imagem do mundo, cada pessoa, encontra na linguagem uma tradução comum, uma comunicação privilegiada com os outros. Mas esta tradução tem falhas, desacordos que passam sem ser anunciados sendo, com suficiente azar, fontes de tragédia. A maioria das palavras não aparentam ter este problema, como 'formiga', 'unha', 'amarelo'. Infelizmente, porque decerto não é coincidência, palavras com impacto social, como 'política', 'igualdade' ou 'juramento', são riquíssimas em equívocos. Veja-se esta última, 'juramento'. Detenho dois significados distintos desta palavra: (i) o intuito de respeitar a promessa feita independentemente do contexto, ou (ii) o intuito de respeitar a promessa só enquanto os pressupostos iniciais continuem a ser respeitados. A distância entre estas duas interpretações é a distância que separa, por exemplo, um energúmeno com farda de um polícia.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-3774389888280234530?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/3774389888280234530/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=3774389888280234530&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/3774389888280234530'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/3774389888280234530'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2012/02/distancia.html' title='Distância'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-37482714257078507</id><published>2012-01-30T07:27:00.001Z</published><updated>2012-01-30T07:27:00.849Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='cognição'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='humor'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='ciência'/><title type='text'>Evidências II</title><content type='html'>&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-ZqCODKI4-ZY/TvCZzC-Ew_I/AAAAAAAAEeA/cEsJVxemU8M/w492-h500-k/2011-12-20-Forever-A-Drone.png" /&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Este tipo de preconceito irá ocorrer mais cedo ou mais tarde (a não ser que o mundo actual impluda). Vai ser curioso ver filósofos e cientistas a torcerem-se para negar a evidência crescente de comportamento consciente da parte da nossa futura Inteligência Artificial. Algo similar está hoje a ocorrer com as discussões sobre o liver arbítrio contra a evidência da neurociência.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-37482714257078507?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/37482714257078507/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=37482714257078507&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/37482714257078507'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/37482714257078507'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2012/01/evidencias-ii.html' title='Evidências II'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-4743756369797850712</id><published>2012-01-26T21:54:00.003Z</published><updated>2012-01-26T21:54:00.505Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='economia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='sociedade'/><title type='text'>Políticas</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Como pode uma economia sustentável ser compatível com a exigência de crescimento constante? Uma economia que tem de crescer  para existir não lida bem com limites ou fronteiras. Só que o mundo é  este, tem um volume fixo, e há décadas que usamos mais do que a sua  capacidade natural de regeneração. A tecnologia e a ciência também têm  limites humanos e económicos, e é provável que tenhamos, neste domínio, já entrado em ganhos decrescentes. Se,  por azar nosso, uma economia sustentável for similar a um ecossistema,  como parar, dar um passo atrás, como travar este comboio desgovernado que insistimos  em acelerar?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-4743756369797850712?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/4743756369797850712/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=4743756369797850712&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/4743756369797850712'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/4743756369797850712'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2012/01/politicas.html' title='Políticas'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-1752661236603296180</id><published>2012-01-23T06:41:00.002Z</published><updated>2012-01-23T06:41:00.276Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='citações'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='política'/><title type='text'>The Moon Is A Harsh Mistress (2/2)</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"Comrade Members, like fire and fusion, government is a dangerous servant and a terrible master. You now have freedom--if you can keep it. But do remember that you can lose this freedom more quickly to yourselves than to any other tyrant. Move slowly, be hesitant, puzzle out the consequences of every word. I would not be unhappy if this [constitutional] convention sat for ten years before reporting--but I would be frightened if you took less than a year.&lt;br /&gt;"Distrust the obvious, suspect the traditional . . . for in the past mankind has not done well when saddling itself with governments. For example, I note in one draft report a proposal for setting up a commission to divide Luna into congressional districts and to reapportion them from time to time according to population.&lt;br /&gt;"This is the traditional way; therefore it should be suspect, considered guilty until proved innocent. Perhaps you feel that this is the only way. May I suggest others? Surely where a man lives is the least important thing about him. Constituencies might be formed by dividing people by occupation. . . or by age. . . or even alphabetically. Or they might not be divided, every member elected at large---and do not object that this would make it impossible for any man not widely known throughout Luna to be elected; that might be the best possible thing for Luna.&lt;br /&gt;"You might even consider installing the candidates who receive the least number of votes; unpopular men may be just the sort to save you from a new tyranny. Don't reject the idea merely because it seems preposterous--think about it! In past history popularly elected governments have been no better and sometimes far worse than overt tyrannies.&lt;br /&gt;"But if representative government turns out to be your intention there still may be ways to achieve it better than the territorial district. For example you each represent about ten thousand human beings, perhaps seven thousand of voting age--and some of you were elected by slim majorities. Suppose instead of election a man were qualified for office by petition signed by four thousand citizens. He would then represent those four thousand affirmatively, with no disgruntled minority, for what would have been a minority in a territorial constituency would all be free to start other petitions or join in them. All would then be represented by men of their choice. Or a man with eight thousand supporters might have two votes in this body. Difficulties, objections, practical points to be worked out--many of them! But you could work them out. . . and thereby avoid the chronic sickness of representative government, the disgruntled minority which feels--correctly!--that it has been disenfranchised.&lt;br /&gt;"But, whatever you do, do not let the past be a straitjacket!&lt;br /&gt;"I note one proposal to make this Congress a two-house body. Excellent--the more impediments to legislation the better. But, instead of following tradition, I suggest one house legislators, another whose single duty is to repeal laws. Let legislators pass laws only with a two-thirds majority . . . while the repealers are able to cancel any law through a mere one-third minority. Preposterous? Think about it. If a bill is so poor that it cannot command two-thirds of your consents, is it not likely that it would make a poor law? And if a law is disliked by as many as one-third is it not likely that you would be better off without it?&lt;br /&gt;"But in writing your constitution let me invite attention the wonderful virtues of the negative! Accentuate the negative! Let your document be studded with things the government is forever forbidden to do. No conscript armies . . . no interference however slight with freedom of press, or speech, or travel, or assembly, or of religion, or of instruction, or communication, or occupation. . . no involuntary taxation. Comrades, if you were to spend five years in a study of history while thinking of more and more things that your governinen should promise never to do and then let your constitution be nothing but those negatives, I would not fear the outcome.&lt;br /&gt;"What I fear most are affirmative actions of sober and well-intentioned men, granting to government powers to do something that appears to need doing."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Robert A. Heinlein&lt;/span&gt; - &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;The Moon Is A Harsh Mistress&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-1752661236603296180?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/1752661236603296180/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=1752661236603296180&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/1752661236603296180'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/1752661236603296180'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2012/01/moon-is-harsh-mistress-22.html' title='The Moon Is A Harsh Mistress (2/2)'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-5649291151144159616</id><published>2012-01-19T19:39:00.001Z</published><updated>2012-01-19T19:39:00.506Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='citações'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='política'/><title type='text'>The Moon Is A Harsh Mistress (1/2)</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;[...]But I'm no Marxist; we Fifths have a practical program. Private where private belongs, public where it's needed, and an admission that circumstances alter cases. Nothing doctrinaire."&lt;br /&gt;"Capital punishment?"&lt;br /&gt;"For what?"&lt;br /&gt;"Let's say for treason. Against Luna after you've freed Luna."&lt;br /&gt;"Treason how? Unless I knew the circumstances I could not decide."&lt;br /&gt;"Nor could I, dear Wyoming. But I believe in capital punishment under some circumstances. . . with this difference. I would not ask a court; I would try, condemn, execute sentence myself, and accept full responsibility."&lt;br /&gt;"But--Professor, what are your political beliefs?"&lt;br /&gt;"I'm a rational anarchist."&lt;br /&gt;"I don't know that brand. Anarchist individualist, anarchist Communist, Christian anarchist, philosophical anarchist, syndicalist, libertarian--those I know. But what's this? Randite?"&lt;br /&gt;"I can get along with a Randite. A rational anarchist believes that concepts such as 'state' and 'society' and 'government' have no existence save as physically exemplified in the acts of self-responsible individuals. He believes that it is impossible to shift blame, share blame, distribute blame. . . as blame, guilt, responsibility are matters taking place inside human beings singly and nowhere else. But being rational, he knows that not all individuals hold his evaluations, so he tries to live perfectly in an imperfect world. . . aware that his effort will be less than perfect yet undismayed by self-knowledge of self-failure."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Robert A. Heinlein&lt;/span&gt; - &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;The Moon Is A Harsh Mistress&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-5649291151144159616?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/5649291151144159616/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=5649291151144159616&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/5649291151144159616'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/5649291151144159616'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2012/01/moon-is-harsh-mistress-12.html' title='The Moon Is A Harsh Mistress (1/2)'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-9160204906020190963</id><published>2012-01-17T06:30:00.001Z</published><updated>2012-01-17T06:30:00.336Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='economia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='política'/><title type='text'>Separação</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"Anyone of any persuasion ought to be able to acknowledge that economic logic indicates that imposing a price ceiling on milk will, other things equal, create a shortage of milk. But that in itself is not an argument against the policy. Mises assumed the policymaker would have thought that result bad, but the economist qua economist cannot declare it such. As Israel Kirzner likes to say, the economist’s job in the policy realm is merely to point out that you cannot catch a northbound train from the southbound platform." - &lt;a href="reason.com/archives/2012/01/13/how-liberals-distort-austrian-economics"&gt;Sheldon Richman&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-9160204906020190963?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/9160204906020190963/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=9160204906020190963&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/9160204906020190963'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/9160204906020190963'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2012/01/separacao.html' title='Separação'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-7228803780944950426</id><published>2012-01-16T07:37:00.001Z</published><updated>2012-01-16T07:37:00.357Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='política'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='sociedade'/><title type='text'>Alegoria</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;No corporativismo está implícito um desvalorizar sistemático da verdade dos factos e da justiça das situações. Quando polícias, professores, magistrados, sindicatos ou outras corporações protegem-se entre si e à priori numa narrativa monolítica, autista e desculpabilizante pagam o preço do Pedro e do Lobo: quando dizem a verdade, quando têm razão, poucos acreditam.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-7228803780944950426?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/7228803780944950426/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=7228803780944950426&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/7228803780944950426'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/7228803780944950426'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2012/01/alegoria.html' title='Alegoria'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-903734361064810436</id><published>2012-01-12T08:35:00.000Z</published><updated>2012-01-12T08:35:00.407Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='liberdade'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='sociedade'/><title type='text'>Áreas de Influência</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;O Estado não devia ter qualquer ligação com a noção de casamento consensual entre pessoas adultas. E nas áreas em que existe essa ligação (como a adopção, a recolha de impostos, etc.) devia focar-se na noção de agregado familiar e não preocupar-se se as pessoas em questão apenas fazem sexo catolicamente correcto.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-903734361064810436?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/903734361064810436/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=903734361064810436&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/903734361064810436'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/903734361064810436'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2012/01/areas-de-influencia.html' title='Áreas de Influência'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-1217118146301490761</id><published>2012-01-09T08:25:00.000Z</published><updated>2012-01-09T08:25:00.291Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='epistemologia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='citações'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='realidade'/><title type='text'>Modelos</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"What we see of the real world is not the unvarnished real world but a model of the real world, regulated and adjusted by sense data - a model that is constructed so that it is useful for dealing with the real world. The nature of that model depends on the kind of animal we are. A flying animal needs a different kind of world model from a walking, a climbing or a swimming animal. Predators need a different kind of model from prey, even though their worlds necessarily overlap. A monkey's brain must have software capable of simulating a three-dimensional maze of branches and trunks. A water boatman's brain doesn't need 3D software, since it lives on the surface of the pond in an Edwin Abbott Flatland. [...] The point is that the nature of the model is governed by how it is to be used rather than by the sensory modality involved. [...] The general form of the mind model - as opposed to the variables that are constantly being inputted by sensory nerves - is an adaptation to the animal's way of life, no less than its wings, legs and tail are." &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Richard Dawkins&lt;/span&gt; - &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;The God Delusion&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-1217118146301490761?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/1217118146301490761/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=1217118146301490761&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/1217118146301490761'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/1217118146301490761'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2012/01/modelos.html' title='Modelos'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-5853151376088073605</id><published>2012-01-06T07:35:00.000Z</published><updated>2012-01-06T07:35:00.826Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='epistemologia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='humor'/><title type='text'>Leite</title><content type='html'>&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-7IscxBgiOtc/TuIc2IjlqMI/AAAAAAAAEdo/nzp4vmhoTwU/s732/causation.correlation.png" /&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-5853151376088073605?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/5853151376088073605/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=5853151376088073605&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/5853151376088073605'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/5853151376088073605'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2012/01/leite.html' title='Leite'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-7IscxBgiOtc/TuIc2IjlqMI/AAAAAAAAEdo/nzp4vmhoTwU/s72-c/causation.correlation.png' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-1215250060191671769</id><published>2012-01-03T21:05:00.001Z</published><updated>2012-01-03T21:05:01.315Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='filosofia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='ciência'/><title type='text'>Esvaziamento</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;O livre-arbítrio é um conceito filosófica e cientificamente estéril. Considerando qualquer situação passada, se repetíssemos o mesmo estado do mundo, agiríamos sempre da mesma forma. A evidência existente aponta de forma esmagadora para esta possibilidade. A não ser que aceitemos uma perspectiva dualista - e.g., a existência de uma alma imaterial - não há fundamentos para afirmar que as mesmas condições poderiam dar lugar a decisões diferentes. E actualmente, considera-se o dualismo como um conceito epistemologicamente inútil, tal como os deuses, a referida alma, o vitalismo ou o elã vital.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;É comum, nesta temática, referir o problema do determinismo como ameaça ao livre-arbítrio. Por isso, os seus defensores tentam minar a afirmação do determinismo, levantando dúvidas e argumentos à sua existência mais ou menos relevantes. Os dois lados podem concordar num ponto: nunca teremos a certeza que o mundo é determinista. A noção de certeza é uma assimptota, um ideal ao qual apontamos como objectivo mas que não chegamos a alcançar. Nunca teremos a certeza sobre um certo X mas podemos, com esforço e método, chegar a um ponto ao qual afirmamos X muito para lá da dúvida razoável. Este tipo de certeza ocorre no corpo de conhecimento de disciplinas como a física, a química ou a biologia. E a maioria desse conhecimento aponta para um mundo determinista. Os poucos casos na teoria clássica que parecem indeterministas, como as singularidades nuas entre outras situações patológicas, estão tão afastadas do nosso universo local (assumindo que realmente existem), são tão pouco relevantes no nosso dia-a-dia, que não encerram força argumentativa na discussão da cognição humana. Situações potencialmente locais, como o choque simultâneo de três corpos, se bem que não deterministas no &lt;i&gt;contexto clássico&lt;/i&gt;, são eventos de probabilidade negligenciável (correspondem a conjuntos de eventos de &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measure_zero"&gt;medida nula&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;O último reduto de indeterminismo parece ser a teoria quântica. Não na dinâmica resultante das suas equações, que é totalmente determinista, mas no acto de interferência ou observação. A &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen_interpretation"&gt;interpretação de Copenhaga&lt;/a&gt; é manifestamente não determinista mas admiti-la levanta demasiados problemas sendo alvo de muita controvérsia desde o início da sua formulação. Já a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Many-worlds_interpretation"&gt;interpretação de muitos mundos&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;many-worlds&lt;/span&gt;) defende que &lt;a href="http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/cosmicvariance/2011/12/05/on-determinism/"&gt;nada de mais acontece para lá da dinâmica determinista da equação de Schrödinger&lt;/a&gt;. Para explicar o aparente não-determinismo resultante do acto de observação, esta interpretação refere apenas que &lt;a href="http://www.askamathematician.com/2011/11/q-according-to-the-many-worlds-interpretation-every-event-creates-new-universes-where-does-the-energy-and-matter-for-the-new-universes-come-from/"&gt;nós vivemos apenas em um de múltiplos ramos da dinâmica quântica&lt;/a&gt;. É deixado intocado o determinismo que já se encontrava nas equações, sacrificando para isso a nossa capacidade última de observação, uma perspectiva menos antropocêntrica e mais racional que a interpretação de Copenhaga. Mas, mesmo assumindo a interpretação de Copenhaga, é difícil imaginar como um evento não-determinista no mundo sub-atómico possa resgatar um conceito tantos níveis de abstracção acima como é o processo de decisão de uma mente humana (ou seja, como o arbítrio quântico se transforma em arbítrio humano?).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Há também quem argumente de acordo com a ideia que o mundo não pode ser determinista porque isso implicaria o colapso das noções de liberdade e de responsabilidade individual. Mas esta linha argumentativa é um &lt;i&gt;non sequitur&lt;/i&gt;. O mundo é o que é. Uma ameaça à civilização, por mais grave ou iminente que seja, não tem qualquer efeito sobre a natureza do mundo externo. E, de qualquer forma,  estes importantes conceitos não precisam ser abandonados:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;A liberdade é a possibilidade de termos disponíveis mais escolhas e de agirmos de acordo com a nossa escolha preferencial. Isso não depende do mundo ser determinista: uma pessoa tem opções e age segundo elas, seja o processo de decisão determinista ou não (aliás, um processo demasiado não determinista seria, este sim, uma ameaça a regras sociais estáveis);&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="text-align: justify;"&gt;A responsabilidade é um conceito social. Ela é julgada moral e socialmente de acordo com as regras da sociedade em questão. E mais uma vez, isso não depende da natureza ontológica do mundo externo. Depende sim dos diversos modelos - sociais, científicos, éticos, religiosos - que a sociedade partilha e utiliza no seu dia-a-dia. É natural que novo conhecimento seja incorporado na sociedade e altere a sua perspectiva, como a moderna noção de inimputabilidade de certos doentes mentais. Mas, em última análise, as sociedades têm de ser capazes de manter um mecanismo coerente e sustentável de responsabilidade individual, qualquer que seja o conhecimento adquirido. A justiça, tradicionalmente o corpo social que formaliza e gere conflitos de responsabilidade, é um corpo independente. Ela recebe ajuda da ética, da ciência e da lógica, mas não depende delas para se fundar e funcionar.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Temos cada vez melhores modelos sobre o mundo, o cérebro humano e a forma como a mente funciona e interage. Cada vez mais parecem vazias ou incoerentes noções como o livre-arbítrio e o não-determinismo. Cada vez mais as discussões filosóficas nestes temas se parecem com as discussões sobre anjos ou almas da teologia antiga. Este é apenas mais um campo onde as discussões foram esvaziadas de significado pelo progresso do conhecimento humano.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-1215250060191671769?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/1215250060191671769/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=1215250060191671769&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/1215250060191671769'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/1215250060191671769'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2012/01/esvaziamento.html' title='Esvaziamento'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-7576744257456249647</id><published>2011-12-28T08:26:00.000Z</published><updated>2011-12-28T08:26:00.454Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='realidade'/><title type='text'>Cegueira &amp; Surdez</title><content type='html'>&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src="http://abstrusegoose.com/strips/if_the_doors_of_perception_were_expanded_everything_would_appear_as%20it_is-infinite.png" width="744" height="623"/&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(c) &lt;a href="http://abstrusegoose.com/421"&gt;Abstruse Goose&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-7576744257456249647?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/7576744257456249647/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=7576744257456249647&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/7576744257456249647'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/7576744257456249647'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/12/cegueira-surdez.html' title='Cegueira &amp; Surdez'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-3696059980843320399</id><published>2011-12-27T08:55:00.001Z</published><updated>2011-12-27T08:55:00.763Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='citações'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='liberdade'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='sociedade'/><title type='text'>Identidade e anonimato</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"Opponents of online anonymity often repeat the platitude that “real name” identification promotes civility. While that may be true, it is often at the expense of free expression. Not only does anonymity enable dissidents in oppressive regimes, but it also helps the small-town kid experimenting with his sexuality or the abuse survivor starting a new life.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Internet intermediaries offer tools that allow users to maintain civility without sacrificing anonymity. On social networks, users can moderate offensive comments or block users who are harassing them. Newspapers can institute systems for flagging inappropriate comments.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Concerns about cyber-bullying and other online crimes shouldn’t be dismissed, but law enforcement already has tools to identify anonymous criminals. [...] We should not be willing to sacrifice free expression for the possibility of civility, especially not when there are more effective alternatives." Eva Galperin, Jillian C. York @ &lt;a href="https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2011/12/new-york-times-has-sunday-dialog-anonymity-and-civility-internet"&gt;DeepLinks&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-3696059980843320399?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/3696059980843320399/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=3696059980843320399&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/3696059980843320399'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/3696059980843320399'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/12/identidade-e-anonimato.html' title='Identidade e anonimato'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-5046369283158563772</id><published>2011-12-22T06:32:00.001Z</published><updated>2011-12-22T06:32:01.983Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='evolução'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='citações'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Richard Dawkins'/><title type='text'>Selecção Natural</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Uma citação de Richard Dawkins retirada do livro "The God Delusion" que resume o essencial da selecção natural, do ponto de vista genético:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In its most general form, natural selection must choose between alternative replicators. A replicator is a piece of coded information that makes exact copies of itself, along with occasional inexact copies or 'mutations'. The point about this is the Darwinian one. Those varieties of replicator that happen to be good at getting copied become more numerous at the expense of alternative replicators that are bad at getting copied. That, at its most rudimentary, is natural selection. The archetypal replicator is a gene, a stretch of DNA that is duplicated, nearly always with extreme accuracy, through an indefinite number of generations. [...] In the world of genes, the occasional flaws in replication (mutations) see to it that the gene pool contains alternative variants of any given gene - 'alleles' - which may therefore be seen as competing with each other. Competing for what? For the particular chromosomal slot or 'locus' that belongs to that set of alleles. And how do they compete? Not by direct molecule-to-molecule combat but by proxy. The proxies are their 'phenotypic traits' - things like length or fur colour: manifestations of genes fleshed out as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry or behaviour. A gene's fate is normally bound up with the bodies in which it successively sits. To the extent that it influences those bodies, it affects its own chances of surviving in the gene pool. As the generations go by, genes increase or decrease in frequency in the gene pool by virtue of their phenotypic proxies.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[...]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;For didactic purposes, I treated genes as though they were isolated units, acting independently. But of course they are not independent of one another, and this fact shows itself in two ways .First, genes are linearly strung along chromosomes, and so tend to travel through generations in the company of particular other genes that occupy neighbouring chromosomal loci. [...] The other respect in which genes are not independent [...] concerns embryology which - the fact is often mis-understood - is completely distinct from genetics. Bodies are not jigsawed together as mosaics of phenotypic pieces, each one contributed by a different gene. There is no one-to-one mapping between genes and units of anatomy or behaviour. Genes 'collaborate' with hundreds of other genes in programming the developmental processes that culminate in a body, in the same kind of way as the words of a recipe collaborate in a cookery process that culminates in a dish. It is not the case that each word of the recipe corresponds to a different morsel of the dish. Genes, then, co-operate in cartels to build bodies, and that is one of the important principles of embryology. It is tempting to say that natural selection favours cartels of genes in a kind of group selection between alternative cartels. That is confusion. What really happens is that the other genes of the gene pool constitute a major part of the environment in which each gene is selected versus its alleles. Because each is selected to be successful in the presence of the others - which are also being selected in a similar way - cartels of co-operating genes emerge.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[...]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Different kinds of gene cartel emerge in different gene pools. Carnivore gene pools have genes that program prey-detecting sense organs, prey-catching claws, carnassial teeth, meat-digesting enzymes and many other genes, all fine-tuned to co-operate with each other. At the same time, in herbivore gene pools, different sets of mutually compatible genes are favoured for their co-operation with each other. We are familiar with the idea that a gene is favoured for the compatibility of its phenotype with the external environment of the species: desert, woodland or whatever it is. The point I am now making is that it is also favoured for its compatibility with the other genes of its particular gene pool. A carnivore gene would not survive in a herbivore gene pool, and vice versa. In the long gene's-eye-view, the gene pool of the species - the set of genes that are shuffled and reshuffled by sexual reproduction - constitutes the genetic environment in which each gene is selected for its capacity to co-operate.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-5046369283158563772?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/5046369283158563772/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=5046369283158563772&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/5046369283158563772'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/5046369283158563772'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/12/seleccao-natural.html' title='Selecção Natural'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-4292099063865830344</id><published>2011-12-19T08:13:00.002Z</published><updated>2011-12-19T08:13:01.062Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='lei'/><title type='text'>Limitações da Lei (parte III)</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;[W]hile unjust laws and changes in law may be legal or valid by virtue of both acceptance and preexisting rules of change, legitimacy may be lost or diminished by an unjust change of law that lessens the people's ability to change the law in the future. In this sense the people's acceptance is a source of authority with continuing omnipotence both descriptively and normatively. Descriptively, the people and the laws are powerless to limit irrevocably the power of acceptance to validate law. Normatively, an unjust legal impediment to the people's continuing power to change law weakens the legitimacy of the system of law to that extent. [pg.105]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;[...]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Frederic Coudert argues that the danger of an unwritten constitution is abuse of power by an ineffectively limited government, that the dangers of a written constitution are rigidity and violence triggered by slow and difficult change, and that our system of judicial amendment allows us to escape both dangers. C.P. Patterson believes the power of judicial amendment does not provide the best of both worlds, as Coudert argued, but gives the Supreme Court "the same relation to our Constitution that the English Parliament has to the English Constitution. [pg.200]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;[...]&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;One might argue that actual legal systems depend on, or inevitably embrace, at least a few principles of "natural law" or morality, and that the latter are absolutely immutable. For example, one might argue that not even revolution can change the rule that the people have a right to revolt, that promises should be kept, that self-defense excuses homicide, and so on. [nt.1, sec.8]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Peter Suber&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "&gt; - &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/writing/psa/" style="font-weight: normal; "&gt;The Paradox of Self-Amendment&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "&gt; (1990)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-4292099063865830344?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/4292099063865830344/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=4292099063865830344&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/4292099063865830344'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/4292099063865830344'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/12/limitacoes-da-lei-parte-iii.html' title='Limitações da Lei (parte III)'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-4650423106529813620</id><published>2011-12-16T21:10:00.001Z</published><updated>2011-12-16T21:10:00.828Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='lei'/><title type='text'>Limitações da Lei (parte II)</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;I am intrigued by the idea that the manifestation of consent sufficient to adopt a constitution in the first place is the most that can be expected in order to provide continuing authority to that constitution. This means that if amendment is more difficult than the original ratification, then the constitution has lost some degree of authority or legitimacy. The authority of a constitution over generations of citizens who did not ratify it would diminish roughly to the extent that the difficulty they face in amendment exceeds the difficulty of the original ratification. For such citizens, legitimate amendment would be more difficult than a revolution or discontinuity that would establish a new constitution with equal or greater legitimacy than their ancestors had in adopting the old one. If amendment becomes impossible after the first generation, because there is no AC or because courts or tyrants invalidate all attempts under it, then authority under the consent theory would drop to about zero plus any surcharge which citizens accord to rules of law, qua rules of law, before deciding to disobey. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;[...]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;One of the most important distinctions relating to the paradox of self-amendment and the paradox of omnipotence is borrowed from Hart's discussion of the omnipotent sovereign. An omnipotent parliament, he says, may limit its power to make law, without paradox, if its omnipotence is "self-embracing", and may not do so, at least without paradox, if its omnipotence is "continuing". Self-embracing omnipotence is unlimited power to make law, including power to affect that power. It may be used against itself and lost or limited irremediably. Continuing omnipotence is unlimited power to make law, but not including power to limit that power, thereby insuring that the omnipotence of the entity continues. Self-embracing omnipotence is unlimited but limitable power; continuing omnipotence is limited only to insure that it is (otherwise) illimitable. Self-embracing omnipotence is the power to make law on every subject, and therefore includes laws that diminish this power irremediably, whereas continuing omnipotence is the power to make law at every moment, and therefore excludes laws inconsistent with this very continuity. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;[...]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Beings of continuing omnipotence are doomed to life, power, and even doomed to freedom, while beings of self-embracing omnipotence are free to resign, abdicate, and self-destruct. Pliny the Elder said mortals were freer than the gods because mortals could commit suicide. He obviously thought that divine freedom was continuing, and that continuing freedom was inferior to self-embracing freedom. [...] When John Stuart Mill said, "[i]t is not freedom to be allowed to alienate [one's] freedom," he was defining freedom to be a continuing power, and his disagreement with those who would permit people to sell themselves into slavery, become drug addicts, or otherwise freely choose unfreedom, is not so much on the desirability of these acts as on the logic of self-application.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;The distinction is very useful, and by extension we may speak of self-embracing and continuing powers to amend. Self-embracing amendment power may amend, limit, or repeal itself, irremediably, while continuing amendment power may not apply to itself, at least to diminish itself irrevocably. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Continuing omnipotence and amendment power are not maximally omnipotent, for there is one family of things they cannot do, namely, limit themselves, violate their immutable limitation and continuity, bind themselves for the future, and so on. But this should not lead us to think that continuing omnipotence and amendment power can augment themselves. For the only way to do that is (1) to repeal their limitation and become self-embracing, or (2) to become capable of repealing their limitation, which is already to be self-embracing. But these would contradict their continuing character and are impermissible for them. That is why this is the paradox of self-amendment, not merely the paradox of self-limitation. Because continuing omnipotence and amendment power can only affect themselves in ways that neither limit nor augment themselves irrevocably, they are restricted to relatively trivial acts of self-amendment. For example, an AC of continuing omnipotence could rearrange and renumber the articles of the constitution, including itself, without affecting the extent of its power.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;While continuing omnipotence cannot become self-embracing, the converse is not true. Self-embracing omnipotence can become continuing omnipotence and may even become "partipotence" or of merely finite power. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Peter Suber&lt;/b&gt; - &lt;a href="http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/writing/psa/"&gt;The Paradox of Self-Amendment&lt;/a&gt; (1990)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-4650423106529813620?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/4650423106529813620/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=4650423106529813620&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/4650423106529813620'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/4650423106529813620'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/12/limitacoes-da-lei-parte-ii.html' title='Limitações da Lei (parte II)'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-1754415992301721358</id><published>2011-12-12T21:07:00.003Z</published><updated>2011-12-12T21:07:00.099Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='lei'/><title type='text'>Limitações da Lei (parte I)</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Central to many theories of democracy is the view that law is legitimate only when endorsed by the consent of the governed. If this is not to be a hollow slogan, we must have some idea of where to look for the consent, or dissent, of the people to their form of government. One of the most important and indicative manifestations of consent is the people's willingness to use the mechanisms of legal change, especially the supreme power of constitutional amendment. Non-use of the power might reveal a certain contentment with the unamended constitution, and use of it might reveal a certain contentment with the established channels of change and the current form of the constitution. But clearly the inference from use and non-use of the amendment power to consent is only valid if certain conditions are met. For an onerous or unfair procedure could thwart amendment long after desire for change became widespread and intense. An amending procedure that was undemanding for a privileged class might result in frequent use that did not reflect the desires of the larger public. Hence, use and non-use of the amending power will not really indicate consent unless the procedure is fair and neither too difficult nor too easy. But to change the fairness and difficulty of the amending procedure are virtually the only reasons to amend the amendment clause. Hence, self-amendment will almost always affect our ability to assess the people's consent to be governed by their constitution and the people's power to alter legal conditions to meet their consent.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;[...]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Our Lockean ears resonate with the proposition that the people are sovereign and that they are bound to obey their laws by contract principles. Yet the paradox of omnipotence arises in another form if the first generation of sovereign people can bind its successors. The adoption of a constitution with an amendment clause [AC] is a revocable act, because the AC permits piecemeal change and wholesale replacement. As long as the establishment of the constitution is revocable by later generations, and the method of amendment is fair, then the first generation is not oppressively binding its successors. But if the method of amendment is not fair, or is too difficult, then the constitution inherited by future generations does oppress and is partially illegitimate. The Lockean consent theory is strengthened as a normative theory of justice, and protected from the paradox of omnipotence, if we insist that the legitimacy of law requires the continuing consent of the governed, not just the consent of the founding generation. [nt.11,pg.379] &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Peter Suber&lt;/b&gt; - &lt;a href="http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/writing/psa/"&gt;The Paradox of Self-Amendment&lt;/a&gt; (1990)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-1754415992301721358?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/1754415992301721358/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=1754415992301721358&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/1754415992301721358'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/1754415992301721358'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/12/limitacoes-da-lei-parte-i.html' title='Limitações da Lei (parte I)'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-3984402693809235834</id><published>2011-12-09T14:30:00.002Z</published><updated>2011-12-09T14:35:23.870Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='epistemologia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='humor'/><title type='text'>Evidências</title><content type='html'>&lt;center&gt;&lt;img src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-P8HnYj087Wc/TuIbhKW67KI/AAAAAAAAEdE/yWovcmsLSuM/s732/extr.evidence.png" /&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-3984402693809235834?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/3984402693809235834/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=3984402693809235834&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/3984402693809235834'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/3984402693809235834'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/12/evidencias.html' title='Evidências'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-P8HnYj087Wc/TuIbhKW67KI/AAAAAAAAEdE/yWovcmsLSuM/s72-c/extr.evidence.png' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-6935042825224028488</id><published>2011-12-08T08:28:00.001Z</published><updated>2011-12-08T08:28:00.131Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='liberdade'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='política'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='sociedade'/><title type='text'>Prioridades</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;O direito à propriedade é visto por John Locke como o direito natural ao seu uso e à sua defesa contra qualquer interferência imoral ou ilegal, sendo modernamente interpretada como uma liberdade negativa(*). Isto implica a existência de uma estrutura que legisle, regule e resolva conflitos relacionados, sendo legitimada, como David Hume argumentou, pela defesa deste importante direito natural. Mas o direito à propriedade actual inclui também a transferência da propriedade para terceiros. Este direito conexo, socialmente relevante, não se encaixa no domínio da não-interferência mas do privilégio, devendo ser, por isso, interpretado como liberdade positiva. A remoção deste privilégio aproximar-nos-ia da antiga noção da terra enquanto domínio público, onde cada pessoa ou família possuía um direito igualitário a uma sua porção e ao fruto do seu trabalho (muito perto, ironicamente, do slogan “a terra a quem a trabalha”). A referida estrutura, legitimada pela responsabilidade de fazer respeitar o direito natural à propriedade, ao aceitar e gerir transferências de propriedade está a aplicar o seu poder coercivo para lá do domínio natural, minando, assim, a sua própria legitimidade. Esta dificuldade é um argumento contra a prioridade máxima e não partilhada do conceito de direito natural, assumida como axioma por muitas das linhagens de pensamento liberal.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(*) Isaiah Berlin propôs a diferenciação entre liberdades negativas, i.e., direitos de não interferência, e liberdades positivas, i.e., direitos a certos benefícios.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-6935042825224028488?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/6935042825224028488/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=6935042825224028488&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/6935042825224028488'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/6935042825224028488'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/12/prioridades.html' title='Prioridades'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-1392957491811962601</id><published>2011-12-05T05:23:00.001Z</published><updated>2011-12-05T05:23:00.684Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='cognição'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='citações'/><title type='text'>Força</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: Arial, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 19px; "&gt;As convicções são inimigos mais perigosos da verdade do que as mentiras -- &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: Arial, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 19px; "&gt;Friedrich Nietzsche&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-1392957491811962601?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/1392957491811962601/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=1392957491811962601&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/1392957491811962601'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/1392957491811962601'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/12/forca.html' title='Força'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-2364232335545253913</id><published>2011-12-01T07:16:00.003Z</published><updated>2011-12-01T07:16:00.295Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='política'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Portugal'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='sociedade'/><title type='text'>Redistribuição</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Vejamos uma citação do livro de Bertrand de Jouvenel, &lt;i&gt;The Ethics of Redistribution&lt;/i&gt; (1952), sobre a questão da distribuição de rendimentos:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Our examination of the redistributionist ideal in theory and practice has led us gradually away from our initial contrast between rich and poor toward quite another contrast - that between individuals on the one hand, and the State and minor corporate bodies on the other.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Pure redistribution would merely transfer income from the richer to the poorer. This could conceivably be achieved by a simple reverse-tax or subsidy handed to the recipients of lower incomes from the proceeds of a special tax on higher incomes. But this is not the proce-dure which has prevailed. The State sets up as trustee for the lower-income group and doles out services and benefits. In order to avoid the creation of a "protected class," a discrimination fatal to political equality, the tendency has been to extend the benefits and services upward to all members of society, to cheapen food and rents for the rich as well as the poor, to assist the well-to-do in illness equally with the needy. The cost of such services has soared in England [seguem estatísticas para a Inglaterra de 1950]. In fact, the public authorities, so that they may give to all, must take from all. And from the study made by the E.C.A. mission to the United Kingdom, it appears that lower-income families taken as a whole pay more into the exchequer than they draw from it.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;No caso de Portugal actual, o peso recai principalmente na classe média. Vejamos um comentário [&lt;a href="http://www.porto.taf.net/dp/node/5387"&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;] de Francisco Rocha Antunes à seguinte nota do Ministério das Finanças [&lt;a href="http://info.portaldasfinancas.gov.pt/NR/rdonlyres/8A180AC1-4068-4261-8975-96F87589BC30/0/IRS_20052006_Nota_enquadramento.pdf"&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;] sobre o IRS de 2006:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;6. Quadro 37 – Total das Declarações com IRS Liquidado por Escalões de Rendimento Número de Agregados&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;O total de agregados com IRS Liquidado corresponde a cerca de 46% do total de agregados com rendimento bruto declarado. Daquele total de agregados, cerca de 28% apresentam rendimentos brutos até 13.500 Euros, enquanto que 70% declararam rendimentos brutos superiores àquele montante mas inferiores a 100.000 Euros.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;7. Quadro 40 – IRS por Escalões de Rendimento Bruto Valores Liquidados&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Da conjugação dos quadros 31, 37 e 40 retiram-se as seguintes conclusões:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;- Para mais de metade dos agregados não é apurado qualquer valor de IRS;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;- Para os agregados com IRS Liquidado:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;- Com rendimento bruto até 13.500€ (28%), o montante de imposto é de apenas 2,5% do valor total do IRS Liquidado em 2006;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;- Com rendimento bruto entre 13.500€ e 100.000€ (70%), o montante de imposto é de 70,4% do valor total do IRS Liquidado em 2006;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;- Com rendimento bruto superior a 100.000€, (2%), o montante de imposto é de 27,1% do valor total do IRS Liquidado em 2006.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Eu sei que esta coisa dos números assusta muita gente mas tem a vantagem de ser uma descrição, não uma opinião. Resumindo: de 4.371.037 agregados familiares identificados pelas Finanças em 2006, 2.360.360 não pagaram nada de IRS. Nada é mesmo isso, zero. O Estado arrecadou nesse ano 7.671.000.000 € de IRS. Do total de 2.010.677 agregados que de facto pagaram IRS, 562.990 tiveram um rendimento anual bruto até 13.500€ e pagaram 2,5 % do valor do IRS liquidado, ou seja, 340€ de IRS efectivamente entregue por agregado. No escalão dos agregados que tiveram um rendimento bruto entre 13.500€ e os 100.000€ estavam 1.407.474 famílias que pagaram, em média, 3.836€ de IRS por ano cada uma. Por fim, com um rendimento bruto superior a 100.000€, estiveram 40.213 famílias que pagaram em média, cada uma, 51.695€ de IRS nesse ano.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;É por isto que não me parece que a solução seja aumentar os impostos aos que ganham mais. A redistribuição do rendimento já é maciça. [Francisco Rocha Antunes, Junho de 2009]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Mas a verdade é que continua a aumentar. Se compararmos a participação dos agregados familiares a partir de 40k€/ano (i.e., a partir de três mil euros/mês/família de &lt;b&gt;rendimento bruto&lt;/b&gt;), em 2005 era de 69.4% do IRS colectado (para 17% dos agregados), em 2006 era 70.8% (18.4% dos agregados), em 2007 era 71.9% (19.1%), em 2008 era 73% (20.4%), subindo para os 74% em 2009 (21.4%). Ficamos à espera dos dados de 2010 e 2011 para verificar se esta tendência se mantém.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Fontes:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;IRS &lt;a href="http://info.portaldasfinancas.gov.pt/NR/rdonlyres/72E4C316-87E1-4BE7-A8CF-DA6A57D2E3E9/0/IRS20062008.xls"&gt;2005-2006&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;IRS &lt;a href="http://info.portaldasfinancas.gov.pt/NR/rdonlyres/72E4C316-87E1-4BE7-A8CF-DA6A57D2E3E9/0/IRS20062008.xls"&gt;2006-2008&lt;/a&gt; [cf. quadros 37 &amp;amp; 40]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;IRS &lt;a href="http://info.portaldasfinancas.gov.pt/NR/rdonlyres/6FF12752-54AD-4A0C-BA71-DB8D263DA95D/0/IRS2007_2009.xls"&gt;2007-2009&lt;/a&gt; [&lt;i&gt;idem&lt;/i&gt;]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-2364232335545253913?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/2364232335545253913/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=2364232335545253913&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/2364232335545253913'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/2364232335545253913'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/12/redistribuicao.html' title='Redistribuição'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-8577744187195183286</id><published>2011-11-28T21:14:00.001Z</published><updated>2011-11-28T21:14:00.517Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='economia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='sociedade'/><title type='text'>Ferramentas cognitivas</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;A Estatística e a Economia são disciplinas muito subvalorizadas no nosso ensino. A Estatística lida com o inevitável da evidência finita e de qualidade variável. Por exemplo, ela diz-nos que a certeza e a impossibilidade são conceitos ideais que podemos apenas aproximar. A Economia ganha a sua razão de ser porque os recursos são finitos e as decisões de os usar acarretam custos e riscos nem sempre evidentes. Por exemplo, ela diz-nos ser impossível erradicar totalmente um problema social pelos limites económicos dos ganhos decrescentes. Este tipo de ideias são importantes na educação de cidadãos aptos a usar os seus direitos económicos e políticos na consolidação de uma sociedade cívica como a nossa.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-8577744187195183286?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/8577744187195183286/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=8577744187195183286&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/8577744187195183286'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/8577744187195183286'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/11/ferramentas-cognitivas.html' title='Ferramentas cognitivas'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-5474122977742979915</id><published>2011-11-24T21:09:00.001Z</published><updated>2011-11-24T21:09:00.205Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='citações'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='política'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='sociedade'/><title type='text'>Uma causa ou um sintoma?</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Excertos do prefácio de&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="text-align: left; "&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;John Gray&lt;/b&gt; ao livro de &lt;b&gt;Bertrand de Jouvenel&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;i&gt;The Ethics of Redistribution&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Bertrand de Jouvenel's study in the ethics of redistribution is distinctive, in the first instance, because it focuses precisely on the morality of redistribution and not on its side effects on incentives. This is to say that de Jouvenel's critique embodies a fundamental challenge to the values expressed in redistributionist thought which in no way depends upon an instrumental or utilitarian assessment of the consequences of redistributionist policy. De Jouvenel is concerned with the impact on individual liberty and on cultural life of redistribution rather than with its effects on productivity. His study is significant for another reason, which is that he is careful to distinguish redistributionism from other, superficially similar doctrines. Thus, he shows clearly how it differs from agrarian egalitarianism, which aims to equalize a resource - land - but does not seek to control the distribution of its product. [...] De Jouvenel makes another fundamental distinction within redistributionism itself. Modern redistributionism encompasses two wholly disparate elements: the belief that government should be centrally involved in the relief of poverty, and the belief that economic inequality is itself unjust or evil. These two beliefs have indeed been conflated in the increasing acceptance of the view that it is the responsibility of government to ensure rising popular living standards. A further move in the direction of egalitarian redistributionism is taken when to the proposal that government supply a subsistence floor beneath which no one may fall is added the proposal that there be instituted a ceiling beyond which no one may rise. [...] He further notes that a policy of redistribution is bound to discriminate against minorities, since it will inevitably favor the preferences and interests of the majority [...] &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;For de Jouvenel, however, the most profound result of redistributionist policy is the impetus it gives to the baleful process of centralization. [...] De Jouvenel goes on to speculate that the underlying causal process may go in the opposite direction: Redistributionist policy may be an incident in a process of centralization that has acquired a momentum of its own.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-5474122977742979915?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/5474122977742979915/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=5474122977742979915&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/5474122977742979915'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/5474122977742979915'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/11/uma-causa-ou-um-sintoma.html' title='Uma causa ou um sintoma?'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-4994693123862177757</id><published>2011-11-21T11:07:00.000Z</published><updated>2011-11-21T11:07:00.490Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='política'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='sociedade'/><title type='text'>Desculpas</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Quantas decisões peculiares dos nossos maiores políticos, jurados, militares e outras eminências pardas são justificadas com argumentos que a realidade social é complexa, que é sempre preciso considerar inúmeros factores raramente explicitados, que foi tomada a melhor acção possível? Mas quantas destas decisões nasceram, de facto, de redes de preconceitos, favores e pressões que ligam e limitam estas pessoas do poder?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-4994693123862177757?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/4994693123862177757/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=4994693123862177757&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/4994693123862177757'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/4994693123862177757'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/11/desculpas.html' title='Desculpas'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-7415101005496168892</id><published>2011-11-18T07:04:00.002Z</published><updated>2011-11-18T07:04:00.383Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='cognição'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='citações'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='filosofia'/><title type='text'>Razão e ETs</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Uma citação longa, mas que vale a pena, da novela que inspirou &lt;a href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0079944/"&gt;Stalker &lt;/a&gt;de Andrey Tarkovskiy:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;I must warn you that your question, Richard, comes under the heading of xenology. Xenology: an unnatural mixture of science fiction and formal logic. It's based on the false premise that human psychology is applicable to extraterrestrial intelligent beings."&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"Why is that false?" Noonan asked.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"Because biologists have already been burned trying to use human psychology on animals. Earth animals, at that."&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"Forgive me, but that's an entirely different matter. We're talking about the psychology of rational beings."&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"Yes. And everything would be fine if we only knew what reason was." &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"Don't we know?" Noonan was surprised.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"Believe it or not, we don't. Usually a trivial definition is used: reason is that part of man's activity that distinguishes him from the animals. You know, an attempt to distinguish the owner from the dog who understands everything but just can't speak. Actually, this trivial definition gives rise to rather more ingenious ones. Based on bitter observation of the above-mentioned human activities. For example: reason is the ability of a living creature to perform unreasonable or unnatural acts."&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"Yes, that's about us, about me, and those like me," Noonan agreed bitterly.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"Unfortunately. Or how about this hypothetical definition. Reason is a complex type of instinct that has not yet formed completely. This implies that instinctual behavior is always purposeful and natural. A million years from now our instinct will have matured and we will stop making the mistakes that are probably integral to reason. And then, if something should change in the universe, we will all become extinct—precisely because we will have forgotten how to make mistakes, that is, to try various approaches not stipulated by an inflexible program of permitted alternatives."&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"Somehow you make it all sound demeaning."&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"All right, how about another definition—a very lofty and noble one. Reason is the ability to use the forces of the environment without destroying that environment."&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Noonan grimaced and shook his head.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"No, that's not about us. How about this: 'man, as opposed to animals, is a creature with an undefinable need for knowledge'? I read that somewhere."&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"So have I," said Valentine. "But the whole problem with that is that the average man—the one you have in mind when you talk about 'us' and 'not us'—very easily manages to overcome this need for knowledge. I don't believe that need even exists. There is a need to understand, and you don't need knowledge for that. The hypothesis of God, for instance, gives an incomparably absolute opportunity to understand everything and know absolutely nothing. Give man an extremely simplified system of the world and explain every phenomenon away on the basis of that system. An approach like that doesn't require any knowledge. Just a few memorized formulas plus so-called intuition and so-called common sense."&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"Hold on," Noonan said. He finished his beer and set the mug noisily on the table. "Don't get off the track. Let's get back to the subject on hand. Man meets an extraterrestrial creature. How do they find out that they are both rational creatures?"&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"I haven't the slightest idea," Valentine said with great pleasure. "Everything I've read on the subject comes down to a vicious circle. If they are capable of making contact, then they are rational. And vice versa; if they are rational, they are capable of contact. And in general: if an extraterrestrial creature has the honor of possessing human psychology, then it is rational. Like that."&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"There you go. And I thought you boys had it all laid out in neat cubbyholes." &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"A monkey can put things into cubbyholes," Valentine replied.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"No, wait a minute." For some reason, Noonan felt cheated. "If you don't know simple things like that … All right, the hell with reason. Obviously, it's a real quagmire. OK. But what about the Visitation? What do you think about the Visitation?"&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"My pleasure. Imagine a picnic." Noonan shuddered. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"What did you say?"&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"A picnic. Picture a forest, a country road, a meadow. A car drives , off the country road into the meadow, a group of young people get out of the car carrying bottles, baskets of food, transistor radios, and cameras. They light fires, pitch tents, turn on the music. In the morning they leave. The animals, birds, and insects that watched in horror through the long night creep out from their hiding places. And what do they see? Gas and oil spilled on the grass. Old spark plugs and old filters strewn around. Rags, burnt-out bulbs, and a monkey wrench left behind. Oil slicks on the pond. And of course, the usual mess—apple cores, candy wrappers, charred remains of the campfire, cans, bottles, somebody's handkerchief, somebody's penknife, torn newspapers, coins, faded flowers picked in another meadow."&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"I see. A roadside picnic."&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"Precisely. A roadside picnic, on some road in the cosmos. And you ask if they will come back." &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"Let me have a smoke. Goddamn this pseudoscience! Somehow I imagined it all differently." &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"That's your right."&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"So does that mean they never even noticed us?" &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"Why?"&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"Well, anyway, didn't pay any attention to us?" &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"You know, I wouldn't be upset if I were you." Noonan inhaled, coughed, and threw away the cigarette.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"I don't care," he said stubbornly. "It can't be. Damn you scientists! Where do you get your contempt for man? Why are you always trying to put mankind down?"&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"Wait a minute," Valentine said. "Listen: 'You ask me what makes man great?' " he quoted. " 'That he re-created nature? That he has harnessed cosmic forces? That in a brief time he conquered the planet and opened a window on the universe? No! That, despite all this, he has survived and intends to survive in the future.' "&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;There was a silence. Noonan was thinking.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"Don't get depressed," Valentine said kindly. "The picnic is my own theory. And not even a theory—just a picture. The serious xenologists are working on much more solid and flattering versions for human vanity. For example, that there has been no Visitation yet, that it is to come. A highly rational culture threw containers with artifacts of its civilization onto Earth. They expect us to study the artifacts, make a giant technological leap, and send a signal in response that will show we are ready for contact. How do you like that one?"&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"That's much better," Noonan said. "I see that there are decent people among scientists after all."&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"Here's another one. The Visitation has taken place, but it is not over by a long shot. We are in contact even as we speak, but we are not aware of it. The visitors are living in the Zones and carefully observing us and simultaneously preparing us for the 'cruel wonders of the future.' "&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"Now that I can understand! At least that explains the mysterious activity in the ruins of the factory. By the way, your picnic doesn't explain it."&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"Why doesn't it? One of the girls could have forgotten her favorite wind-up teddy bear on the meadow."&lt;/div&gt;ROADSIDE PICNIC, &lt;b&gt;Arkady Strugatsky&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;Boris Strugatsky&lt;/b&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-7415101005496168892?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/7415101005496168892/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=7415101005496168892&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/7415101005496168892'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/7415101005496168892'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/11/razao-e-ets.html' title='Razão e ETs'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-795300450881724720</id><published>2011-11-14T09:36:00.000Z</published><updated>2011-11-14T09:36:00.238Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='cepticismo'/><title type='text'>Balança</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;O cepticismo é necessário para possibilitar a acumulação coerente de conhecimento. Cepticismo a menos pode levar-nos aos sistemas dogmáticos, edifícios estáveis mas imóveis. Excesso de cepticismo leva-nos ao niilismo, o que não serve de telhado quando começa a chover.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-795300450881724720?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/795300450881724720/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=795300450881724720&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/795300450881724720'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/795300450881724720'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/11/balanca.html' title='Balança'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-3846801949888203930</id><published>2011-11-10T16:12:00.000Z</published><updated>2011-11-10T16:12:00.297Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='cognição'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='linguagem'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='sociedade'/><title type='text'>Metáforas</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Citações retiradas do livro &lt;a href="http://www.amazon.co.uk/Metaphors-We-Live-George-Lakoff/dp/0226468011/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;qid=1320768886&amp;amp;sr=8-1"&gt;Metaphors we live by&lt;/a&gt; (1981) por George Lakoff e Mark Johnson, sobre a importância da metáfora não só na linguagem, mas no aparelho cognitivo humano.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"The essence of metaphor is understanding and experiencing one kind of thing in terms of another. [...] The most important claim [...] is that metaphor is not just a matter of language, that is, of mere words. We shall argue that, on the contrary, human thought processes are largely metaphorical. This is what we mean when we say that the human conceptual system is metaphorically structured and defined. Metaphors as linguistic expressions are possible precisely because there are metaphors in a person's conceptual system.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[Chapter 6]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Just as the basic experiences of human spatial orientations give rise to orientational metaphors, so our experiences with physical objects (especially our own bodies) provide the basis for an extraordinarily wide variety of ontological metaphors, that is, ways of viewing events, activities, emotions, ideas, etc., as entities and substances. [...] Ontological metaphors are necessary for even attempting to deal rationally with our experiences.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/--kY4bODERUU/TrlW9Bcn5iI/AAAAAAAAEcM/HgHYCEcJrvg/s222-c-k/mind_and_machine.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 222px; height: 222px;" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/--kY4bODERUU/TrlW9Bcn5iI/AAAAAAAAEcM/HgHYCEcJrvg/s222-c-k/mind_and_machine.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;The range of ontological metaphors that we use for such purposes is enormous. [...] Ontological metaphors like [THE MIND IS A MACHINE] are so natural and so pervasive in our thought that they are usually taken as self-evident, direct descriptions of mental phenomena. The fact that they are metaphorical never occurs to most of us. We take statements like "He cracked under pressure" as being directly true or false. [...] We use ontological metaphors to comprehend events, actions, activities, and states. Events and actions are conceptualized metaphorically as objects, activities as substances, states as containers.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[Chapter 7]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Perhaps the most obvious ontological metaphors are those where the physical object is further specified as being a person. This allows us to comprehend a wide variety of experiences with nonhuman entities in terms of human motivations, characteristics, and activities. [...] personification is a general category that covers a very wide range of metaphors, each picking out different aspects of a person or ways of looking at a person. What they all have in common is that they are extensions of ontological metaphors and that they allow us to make sense of phenomena in the world in human terms—terms that we can understand on the basis of our own motivations, goals, actions, and characteristics.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-dovFgCcP_mg/TrlYDb3MchI/AAAAAAAAEcw/A37YbRkEzY4/w291-h222-k/inflation_destruction.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 383px; height: 291px;" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-dovFgCcP_mg/TrlYDb3MchI/AAAAAAAAEcw/A37YbRkEzY4/w291-h222-k/inflation_destruction.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;[Chapter 19]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;metaphor pervades our normal conceptual system. Because so many of the concepts that are important to us are either abstract or not clearly delineated in our experience (the emotions, ideas, time, etc.), we need to get a grasp on them by means of other concepts that we understand in clearer terms (spatial orientations, objects, etc.). This need leads to metaphorical definition in our conceptual system.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-F7vzJXr3AVw/TrlW9AMfLkI/AAAAAAAAEcQ/bObjDAd8M4A/s222-c-k/education_is_a%2Bweapon.jpg"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;a href="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-F7vzJXr3AVw/TrlW9AMfLkI/AAAAAAAAEcQ/bObjDAd8M4A/s222-c-k/education_is_a%2Bweapon.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 284px; height: 284px;" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-F7vzJXr3AVw/TrlW9AMfLkI/AAAAAAAAEcQ/bObjDAd8M4A/s222-c-k/education_is_a%2Bweapon.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-3846801949888203930?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/3846801949888203930/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=3846801949888203930&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/3846801949888203930'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/3846801949888203930'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/11/metaforas.html' title='Metáforas'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-1454995501571501676</id><published>2011-11-08T08:32:00.000Z</published><updated>2011-11-08T08:32:01.089Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='sociedade'/><title type='text'>Acumulação</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;A redundância é necessária para evitar a acumulação de erros. Um sistema sem redundância é eficiente mas instável. Excesso de redundância leva-nos ao pavor da burocracia.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-1454995501571501676?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/1454995501571501676/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=1454995501571501676&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/1454995501571501676'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/1454995501571501676'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/11/acumulacao.html' title='Acumulação'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-5603421815329409109</id><published>2011-11-03T16:09:00.001Z</published><updated>2011-11-03T16:09:00.466Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='linguagem'/><title type='text'>Abuso</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;As figuras de estilo são abusos de linguagem. Mas sem esses abusos, as pontes que nos ligam aos outros e às coisas seriam impossíveis. A boa educação, no limite, é insustentável.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-5603421815329409109?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/5603421815329409109/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=5603421815329409109&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/5603421815329409109'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/5603421815329409109'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/11/abuso.html' title='Abuso'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-8804743183472161426</id><published>2011-11-01T07:43:00.000Z</published><updated>2011-11-01T07:43:00.528Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='citações'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='ética'/><title type='text'>Efeito corrosivo</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"One of the worst things about breaking the law is that it puts one at odds with an indeterminate number of other people. This is among the many corrosive effects of having unjust laws: They tempt peaceful and (otherwise) honest people to lie so as to avoid being punished for behavior that is ethically blameless." &lt;b&gt;Sam Harris&lt;/b&gt;, Lying&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-8804743183472161426?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/8804743183472161426/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=8804743183472161426&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/8804743183472161426'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/8804743183472161426'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/11/efeito-corrosivo.html' title='Efeito corrosivo'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-5252259649072688711</id><published>2011-10-27T07:37:00.001+01:00</published><updated>2011-10-27T07:37:00.932+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='cognição'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='aforismos'/><title type='text'>Ponte</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Existe uma relação - dinâmica, complexa, intermitente - entre o sistema nervoso humano e a realidade que o limita. A esta relação chamamos 'eu'.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-5252259649072688711?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/5252259649072688711/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=5252259649072688711&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/5252259649072688711'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/5252259649072688711'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/10/ponte.html' title='Ponte'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-7451902589165070051</id><published>2011-10-25T14:43:00.000+01:00</published><updated>2011-10-25T14:44:56.237+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='vídeo'/><title type='text'>Incrível</title><content type='html'>&lt;center&gt;&lt;iframe src="http://player.vimeo.com/video/28962540?title=0&amp;amp;byline=0&amp;amp;portrait=0" webkitallowfullscreen="" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="300" width="400"&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://vimeo.com/28962540"&gt;Rendering Synthetic Objects into Legacy Photographs&lt;/a&gt; from &lt;a href="http://vimeo.com/kevinkarsch"&gt;Kevin Karsch&lt;/a&gt; on &lt;a href="http://vimeo.com/"&gt;Vimeo&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-7451902589165070051?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/7451902589165070051/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=7451902589165070051&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/7451902589165070051'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/7451902589165070051'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/10/incrivel.html' title='Incrível'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-5034788201460928472</id><published>2011-10-24T12:40:00.003+01:00</published><updated>2011-10-24T12:40:00.258+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='cognição'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='epistemologia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='citações'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='filosofia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='realidade'/><title type='text'>Guilherme de Ockham</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Ockham [...] deplored the inaccuracy of the terms used in philosophy, and spent half his time trying to make them more precise. He resented the Gothic edifice of abstractions- one mounted upon the other like arches in superimposed tiers- that medieval thought had raised. We cannot find in his extant works precisely the famous formula that tradition called "Ockham's razor": &lt;i&gt;entia non sunt multiplicanda praeter necessitatem&lt;/i&gt; - entities are not to be multiplied beyond need. But he expressed the principle in other terms again and again: pluralitas non est ponenda sine necessitate - a plurality (of entities or causes or factors) is not to be posited (or assumed) without necessity; and &lt;i&gt;frustra fit per plura quod potest fieri per pauciora&lt;/i&gt; - it is vain to seek to accomplish or explain by assuming several entities or causes what can be explained by fewer. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;The principle was not new; Aquinas had accepted it, Scotus had used it. But in Ockham's hands it became a deadly weapon, cutting away a hundred occult fancies and grandiose abstractions. Applying the principle to epistemology, Ockham judged it needless to assume, as the source and material of knowledge, anything more than sensations. From these arise memory (sensation revived), perception (sensation interpreted through memory), imagination (memories combined), anticipation (memory projected), thought (memories compared), and experience (memories interpreted through thought). "Nothing can be an object of the interior sense" (thought) "without having been an object of the exterior sense" (sensation); here is Locke's empiricism 300 years before Locke. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;All that we ever perceive outside ourselves is individual entities- specific persons, places, things, actions, shapes, colors, tastes, odors, pressures, temperatures, sounds; and the words by which we denote these are "words of first intention" or primary intent, directly referring to what we interpret as external realities. By noting and abstracting the common features of similar entities so perceived, we may arrive at general or abstract ideas- man, virtue, height, sweetness, heat, music, eloquence; and the words by which we denote such abstractions are "words of second intention," referring to conceptions derived from perceptions. These "universals" are never experienced in sensation; they are &lt;i&gt;termini&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;signa&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;nomina &lt;/i&gt;- terms, signs, names - for generalizations extremely useful (and dangerous) in thought or reason, in science, philosophy, and theology; they are not objects existing outside the mind. "Everything outside the mind is singular, numerically one." &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Reason is magnificent, but its conclusions have meaning only in so far as they refer to experience- i.e., to the perception of individual entities, or the performance of individual acts; otherwise its conclusions are vain and perhaps deceptive abstractions. How much nonsense is talked or written by mistaking ideas for things, abstractions for realities! Abstract thought fulfills its function only when it leads to specific statements about specific things. From this "nominalism" Ockham moved with devastating recklessness into every field of philosophy and theology. Both metaphysics and science, he announced, are precarious generalizations, since our experience is only of individual entities in a narrowly restricted area and time; it is mere arrogance on our part to assume the universal and eternal validity of the general propositions and "natural laws" that we derive from this tiny sector of reality. Our knowledge is molded and limited by our means and ways of perceiving things (this is Kant before Kant); it is locked up in the prison of our minds, and it must not pretend to be the objective or ultimate truth about anything. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Will Durant&lt;/b&gt; - Story of Civilization, vol.06, pp.246-49&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-5034788201460928472?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/5034788201460928472/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=5034788201460928472&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/5034788201460928472'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/5034788201460928472'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/10/guilherme-de-ockham.html' title='Guilherme de Ockham'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-7754456021571648261</id><published>2011-10-19T22:09:00.000+01:00</published><updated>2011-10-19T22:09:00.193+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='citações'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='liberdade'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='sociedade'/><title type='text'>Liberalismo</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"[Liberalism is] a philosophy that champions the right of individuals – regardless of rank or creed or color – to be free of the choking grip of enforced traditionalism, free of the stupidity of superstition (including the hyper-lethal superstition that is nationalism), and free of the arbitrary will of their ‘betters.’&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Classical liberals (and many “conservatives”) champion free markets and private property rights, therefore, not to defend “elite privileges against challenges from below” but out of a sincere conviction that markets and property are necessary for maximum possible freedom and for astonishing material abundance." &lt;b&gt;Don Boudreaux&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-7754456021571648261?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/7754456021571648261/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=7754456021571648261&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/7754456021571648261'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/7754456021571648261'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/10/liberalismo.html' title='Liberalismo'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-5531841619954403062</id><published>2011-10-17T21:41:00.001+01:00</published><updated>2011-10-17T21:41:00.168+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='cognição'/><title type='text'>Pandemónio</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;img src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/-dHxt2_9kl0E/TpX7y-2CkWI/AAAAAAAAEYI/pyjAHSVki5I/s720/stream_consciousness.png" alt="Angry face" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;(c) &lt;a href="http://theoatmeal.com/pl/brain/random"&gt;Oatmeal&lt;/a&gt; [via &lt;a href="http://aureamediocritas.blogs.sapo.pt/659871.html"&gt;Aurea Mediocritas&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-5531841619954403062?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/5531841619954403062/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=5531841619954403062&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/5531841619954403062'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/5531841619954403062'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/10/pandemonio.html' title='Pandemónio'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/-dHxt2_9kl0E/TpX7y-2CkWI/AAAAAAAAEYI/pyjAHSVki5I/s72-c/stream_consciousness.png' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-5401735268106749901</id><published>2011-10-13T08:50:00.001+01:00</published><updated>2011-10-13T08:50:00.500+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='citações'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='religião'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='cepticismo'/><title type='text'>the only question that really matters</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"Apparently praying keeps her calm and happy. It's some kind of ritual for them. It doesn't do any harm. Why don't you go and join them if you're worried?" &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Theo said: "I don't think they'd want me." &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"I don't know, they might. They might try to convert you. Are you a Christian?" &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"No, I'm not a Christian." &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"What do you believe, then?" &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"Believe about what?" &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"The things that religious people think are important. Whether there is a God. How do you explain evil? What happens when we die? Why are we here? How ought we to live our lives?"&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Theo said: "The last is the most important, the only question that really matters. You don't have to be religious to believe that. And you don't have to be a Christian to find an answer." &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Rolf turned to him and asked, as if he really wanted to know: "But what do you believe? I don't just mean religion. What are you sure of?" &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"That once I was not and that now I am. That one day I shall no longer be." &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Rolf gave a short laugh, harsh as a shout. "That's safe enough. No one can argue with that. What does he believe, the Warden of England?" &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"I don't know. We never discussed it." &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Miriam came over and, sitting with her back against a trunk, stretched out her legs wide, closed her eyes and lifted her face, gently smiling, to the sky, listening but not speaking. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Rolf said: "I used to believe in God and the Devil and then one morning, when I was twelve, I lost my faith. I woke up and found that I didn't believe in any of the things the Christian Brothers had taught me. I thought if that ever happened I'd be too frightened to go on living, but it didn't make any difference. One night I went to bed believing and the next morning I woke up unbelieving. I couldn't even tell God I was sorry, because He wasn't there any more. And yet it didn't really matter. It hasn't mattered ever since." &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Miriam said without opening her eyes: "What did you put in His empty place?'' &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"There wasn't any empty place. That's what I'm telling you." &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;P.D.James&lt;/b&gt;, The Children of Men&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-5401735268106749901?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/5401735268106749901/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=5401735268106749901&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/5401735268106749901'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/5401735268106749901'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/10/only-question-that-really-matters.html' title='the only question that really matters'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-7570457061981660584</id><published>2011-10-12T22:08:00.003+01:00</published><updated>2011-10-13T13:39:11.718+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='liberdade'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='aforismos'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='sociedade'/><title type='text'>Corte</title><content type='html'>Como na separação da Igreja e do Estado, precisamos da separação das Corporações e do Estado.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-7570457061981660584?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/7570457061981660584/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=7570457061981660584&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/7570457061981660584'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/7570457061981660584'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/10/corte.html' title='Corte'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-6501185821437344339</id><published>2011-10-11T07:34:00.003+01:00</published><updated>2011-10-11T07:34:00.490+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='ciência'/><title type='text'>Navalha</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="zj"&gt;O conceito de deus inclui um método de explicação do mundo natural (e.g., os mitos da criação). Este método nunca pode ser reconciliado com as metodologias actuais, designadas genericamente por método científico. Se um evento for observado repetidamente e que não possui explicação ou predição possível nas teorias científicas correntes, a única explicação científica para este facto é admitir que essas teorias são incompletas e precisam de reforma ou, raramente, de substituição. Não existe espaço para complementar estes modelos com um &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;deus ex machina&lt;/span&gt;. Este argumento é, na essência, baseado na indução de séculos de acumulação de conhecimento científico onde cada evento interpretado como mágico e misterioso ou se encontrou um modelo científico (e.g., a electricidade, as ervas curativas) ou foi eliminado por testes e experiências controladas (e.g., os fantasmas, a premonição). Não existem contra-exemplos desta tendência.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-6501185821437344339?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/6501185821437344339/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=6501185821437344339&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/6501185821437344339'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/6501185821437344339'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/10/navalha.html' title='Navalha'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-6286622133469004421</id><published>2011-10-06T14:23:00.000+01:00</published><updated>2011-10-06T14:23:00.186+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='filosofia'/><title type='text'>Contra-exemplos</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"The following kind of scenario is familiar throughout analytic philosophy. A bold philosopher proposes that all Fs are Gs. Another philosopher proposes a particular case that is, intuitively, an F but not a G. If intuition is right, then the bold philosopher is mistaken. Alternatively, if the bold philosopher is right, then intuition is mistaken, and we have learned something from philosophy. Can this alternative ever be realised, and if so, is there a way to tell when it is? In this paper, I will argue that the answer to the first question is yes, and that recognising the right answer to the second question should lead to a change in some of our philosophical practices.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;The problem is pressing because there is no agreement across the sub-disciplines of philosophy about what to do when theory and intuition clash. In epistemology, particularly in the theory of knowledge, and in parts of metaphysics, particularly in the theory of causation, it is almost universally assumed that intuition trumps theory. [...] I claim that it is (usually) the epistemologists and the metaphysicians who are wrong. In more cases than we usually imagine, a good philosophical theory can teach us that our intuitions are mistaken. Indeed, I think it is possible (although perhaps not likely) that the justified true belief (hereafter, JTB) theory of knowledge is so plausible that we should hold onto it in preference to keeping our intuition that Gettier cases are not cases of knowledge.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;[...]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;In short, the true theory of knowledge is the one that does best at (a) accounting for as many as possible of our intuitions about knowledge while (b) remaining systematic. A ‘theory’ that simply lists our intuitions is no theory at all, so condition (b) is vital. [...] counterexamples to a theory count against it. While a theory can be reformist, it cannot be revolutionary. A theory that disagreed with virtually all intuitions about possible cases is, for that reason, false. The theory: X knows that p iff X exists and p is true is systematic, but hardly plausible. As a corollary, while intuitions about any particular possible case can be mistaken, not too many of them could be. Counterexamples are problematic for a theory, the fewer reforms needed the better, it’s just not that they are not fatal. Importantly, not all counterexamples are as damaging to a theory as others. Intuitions come in various degrees of strength, and theories that violate weaker intuitions are not as badly off as those that violate stronger intuitions. Many people accept that the more obscure or fantastic a counterexample is, the less damaging it is to a theory." - Brian Weatherson, &lt;a href="http://www.google.pt/url?sa=t&amp;amp;source=web&amp;amp;cd=1&amp;amp;ved=0CBkQFjAA&amp;amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fbrian.weatherson.org%2Fcounterexamples.pdf"&gt;What good are counterexamples&lt;/a&gt; (2003)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-6286622133469004421?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/6286622133469004421/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=6286622133469004421&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/6286622133469004421'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/6286622133469004421'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/10/contra-exemplos.html' title='Contra-exemplos'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-513153891217741532</id><published>2011-10-03T08:13:00.001+01:00</published><updated>2011-10-03T08:13:00.277+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='economia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='cognição'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='liberdade'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='ética'/><title type='text'>Gestão</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;As pessoas são livres mas exercem a sua liberdade e as suas capacidades dentro da sociedade e da cultura a que pertencem. O possível e o admissível são contingentes e limitados por muitas direcções, como pela geografia, pela história ou pela cognição humana. Estudar disciplinas que gerem o finito, como a Ética ou a Economia, é um passo importante para lidar com a frustração do limite.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-513153891217741532?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/513153891217741532/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=513153891217741532&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/513153891217741532'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/513153891217741532'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/10/gestao.html' title='Gestão'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-4541262442320757794</id><published>2011-09-28T12:25:00.004+01:00</published><updated>2011-09-28T12:32:47.677+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='filosofia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='sociedade'/><title type='text'>Passos vs. Saltos</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Uma teoria científica não pode ir contra demasiados factos relevantes ao seu domínio de aplicação. Uma teoria filosófica não pode ir contra demasiadas intuições sobre o assunto em questão. Como diz Weatherson [1] uma teoria filosófica pode ser reformista mas não pode ser revolucionária. Mas as teorias podem ser usadas para remodelar a cultura e, assim, as intuições das pessoas que nela habitam. Por exemplo, a ideia de democracia, de ser o povo e não uma elite, a escolher qual a política de uma nação era ainda há pouco tempo uma ideia muito pouco intuitiva. Com esta mudança abrem-se as portas a novas teorias que no passado seriam consideradas revolucionárias mas que, agora, apenas procuram uma nova reforma.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[1] Brian Weatherson, &lt;a href="http://www.google.pt/url?sa=t&amp;amp;source=web&amp;amp;cd=1&amp;amp;ved=0CBkQFjAA&amp;amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fbrian.weatherson.org%2Fcounterexamples.pdf&amp;amp;ei=zQSDTrnsFJCV0QWJtei1AQ&amp;amp;usg=AFQjCNHcjETZu_dfrKuUQaMKUvXgM-JBDw&amp;amp;sig2=mdll804O_SJsGQ2GGLQ3zQ"&gt;What good are counterexamples&lt;/a&gt; (2003)&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-4541262442320757794?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/4541262442320757794/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=4541262442320757794&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/4541262442320757794'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/4541262442320757794'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/09/passos-vs-saltos.html' title='Passos vs. Saltos'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-596667138005166762</id><published>2011-09-26T12:24:00.003+01:00</published><updated>2011-09-26T12:28:51.753+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='cognição'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='epistemologia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='citações'/><title type='text'>Tons de Cinzento</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"When people thought the earth was flat, they were wrong.  When people thought the earth was spherical, they were wrong.  But if you think that thinking the earth is spherical is just as wrong as thinking the earth is flat, then your view is wronger than both of them put together." &lt;a href="http://chem.tufts.edu/AnswersInScience/RelativityofWrong.htm"&gt;The Relativity of Wrong&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Isaac Asimov&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;The Sophisticate&lt;/span&gt;: The world isn't black and white.  No one does pure good or pure bad. It's all gray.  Therefore, no one is better than anyone else.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;The Zetet&lt;/span&gt;: Knowing only gray, you conclude that all grays are the same shade.  You mock the simplicity of the two-color view, yet you replace it with a one-color view... - David's Sling, &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Marc Stiegler&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-596667138005166762?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/596667138005166762/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=596667138005166762&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/596667138005166762'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/596667138005166762'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/09/tons-de-cinzento.html' title='Tons de Cinzento'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-1071268933545327155</id><published>2011-09-15T14:10:00.002+01:00</published><updated>2011-09-15T14:13:15.329+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='cognição'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='epistemologia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='filosofia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='ciência'/><title type='text'>Definições</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Conceitos como o livre-arbítrio ou o conhecimento têm sido motivo de discussões filosóficas desde a Grécia Antiga. Qualquer um que tente uma definição sobre um destes temas encontra rapidamente, na comunidade filosófica, argumentos e contra-exemplos igualmente sólidos&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;O caso de &lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemology"&gt;conhecimento&lt;/a&gt; é exemplar. Ao fim de inúmeras discussões parecia que a comunidade intelectual tinha chegado a um acordo sobre a definição de conhecimento: a pessoa A conhece B se A acredita em B, A tem uma justificação para acreditar em B e B é verdadeiro, ou simplesmente, algo é conhecimento se é uma crença justificada e verdadeira. Mas chega 1963 e Edmund Gettier publica um breve artigo (e o seu único, curiosamente) que apresenta contra-exemplos suficientemente convincentes para voltar a pôr a questão do conhecimento na ordem do dia [1]. Cinquenta anos passados e, tanto quanto sei, ainda não se alcançou um novo consenso (deve-se apertar ou relaxar a definição inicial? O que é justificação? E, já que falamos disto, o que é uma crença?).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Outro tipo de efeito é o que ocorre actualmente com o livre-arbítrio. Com os avanços científicos no estudo do cérebro e do comportamento, tem-se testemunhado a uma confusão sobre o que significa. Quando se recolhem evidências que vão contra uma definição, existe um esforço para ajustá-la até que deixe de ser testável (na maior parte das vezes de forma inconsciente, sendo algumas motivadas ideologicamente, e.g., pela noção cristã da alma). Poderíamos talvez sugerir a seguinte pré-condição à definição de livre-arbítrio: «algo suficientemente vago sobre a capacidade de decisão individual que não possa ser contestado por neurociêntistas e psicólogos». O mesmo parece ocorrer com outras definições cognitivas, como a consciência ou a inteligência ou até o comportamento moral, persistindo como o bastião último que nos separa do restante reino animal.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Existe algo fugidio sobre o problema das definições, sobre o mapear de um conceito abstracto a múltiplas situações concretas. Pergunto-me se palavras como 'tristeza' ou 'gigante' tivessem, por algum motivo histórico ou social, recolhido a mesma atenção, se não estaríamos também a discuti-los e a publicar artigos e livros sobre o assunto. Se, por um lado, as definições possuem um papel na resolução de questões epistemológicas [2], levar esse papel ao limite (da precisão, da exaustão dos casos conhecidos) pode ter um efeito paralizante sobre a discussão filosófica ou científica.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Que se evite definições demasiado vagas ou excessivamente restritas para o problema em questão. Mas encontrar a definição quase perfeita, que englobe todos os casos possíveis e imaginários (como muitos dos contra-exemplos propostos) é ilusório. Devemos investir numa definição apropriada, incompleta sim mas cujas falhas conhecemos, com a qual podemos sincronizar o mapa semântico da comunidade de interessados e realizar trabalho.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Um exemplo recente foi a despromoção de Plutão de planeta para planetóide. A descoberta de vários objectos &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Neptunian_object"&gt;trans-neptunianos&lt;/a&gt; levou à redefinição de planeta. Agora, um planeta é um objecto suficientemente grande para a gravidade o tornar esférico e capaz de limpar a órbita que o limita de &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetesimal"&gt;planetesimais&lt;/a&gt;. Significa isto que se descobrirmos objectos que acompanham a órbita da Terra (e de facto, descobrimos alguns em 2010) a Terra deixa de ser um planeta? Só se exigirmos a rigidez de uma definição exacta que de nada serve porque (quase) nada é representado por ela.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;[1] O artigo de Gettier: &lt;a href="http://www.ditext.com/gettier/gettier.html"&gt;http://www.ditext.com/gettier/gettier.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;[2] Uma definição de definição: &lt;a href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/definitions/"&gt;http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/definitions/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-1071268933545327155?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/1071268933545327155/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=1071268933545327155&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/1071268933545327155'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/1071268933545327155'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/09/definicoes.html' title='Definições'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-5204604735001637407</id><published>2011-09-13T12:38:00.001+01:00</published><updated>2011-09-13T12:40:41.414+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='cognição'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='citações'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='razão'/><title type='text'>Justificações Post-Hoc</title><content type='html'>&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"Humans are very good as seeing patterns, making connections, and  coming up with explanations for phenomena. Almost anything can be  explained in retrospect, and it only takes a couple of apparent  connections to make such explanations seem compelling. That is actually the fatal flaw of such post-hoc reasoning – it can  be used to explain anything. Therefore, the fact that someone can invent  a post-hoc justification is not predictive that the explanation is  actually true. In other words – we tend to be naively impressed with the fact that  an explanation is available. We tend to assume that a phenomenon would  not have an explanation, or alternative explanation, if that explanation  were not true. We therefore find it satisfying, and therefore  compelling, when such an explanation is available. However, the human capacity for invention and pattern seeking is  profound. We can find an explanation for anything – and so the  availability of such an explanation should not be compelling at all." - &lt;a href="http://theness.com/neurologicablog/index.php/juicy-post-hoc-reasoning/"&gt;Juicy Post-Hoc Reasoning&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Steven Novella &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-5204604735001637407?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/5204604735001637407/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=5204604735001637407&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/5204604735001637407'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/5204604735001637407'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/09/justificacoes-post-hoc.html' title='Justificações Post-Hoc'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-4834903784924978890</id><published>2011-09-04T21:47:00.004+01:00</published><updated>2011-09-04T21:57:37.901+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='copyright'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='sociedade'/><title type='text'>O impacto progressivamente desastroso das patentes</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;"The way the US patent system is currently set up, it’s difficult if not impossible to write a sizable body of code without unknowingly infringing on somebody’s patent. Your best hope seems to be to waste a lot of time filing as many patents as you can of your own, and hoping that anybody who sues you is unknowingly infringing on one of yours. That gives you a bargaining chip so you can do some kind of cross licensing deal. It’s a stupid, wasteful, unproductive government-created system that achieves the exact opposite of what was intended when it was first started. But, what can you do." - &lt;a href="http://www.zdnet.com/blog/burnette/oracle-uses-james-gosling-patent-to-attack-google-and-android-developers/2035?tag=mantle_skin;content"&gt;Ed Burnette&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.zdnet.com/blog/burnette/oracle-uses-james-gosling-patent-to-attack-google-and-android-developers/2035?tag=mantle_skin;content"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Encontrei este parágrafo enquanto procurava descobrir porque o sistema Android (implementado, em parte, em Java) não executa aplicações Java. A Oracle comprou a Sun (que desenvolveu o Java para ser uma linguagem de programação livre) e quer espremer todos os lucros que conseguir. Ainda no mês passado, a Google viu-se obrigada a gastar 12G$ na compra da Motorola Mobile para ter acesso às respectivas patentes e assim evitar ataques da Microsoft e companhia. Doze mil milhões de dólares que poderiam ter sido gastos em investigação e actividades economicamente produtivas. Até quando vamos ter de aguentar esta palhaçada?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-4834903784924978890?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/4834903784924978890/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=4834903784924978890&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/4834903784924978890'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/4834903784924978890'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/09/o-impacto-progressivamente-desastroso.html' title='O impacto progressivamente desastroso das patentes'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-1722878813589454534</id><published>2011-06-27T12:33:00.000+01:00</published><updated>2011-06-27T12:33:00.827+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='evolução'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='citações'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='ética'/><title type='text'>Who’s Afraid of the Naturalistic Fallacy?</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;David Hume provided the classical statement of the view that moral values are the product of certain natural human desires. Hume argued that human behaviour is a product of passion and reason. Passions set the ends or goals of action; and reason works out the best available means of achieving these ends. Under this view, passions determine what humans find agreeable, desirable and valuable. Values are projected onto the world of objects and events by the passions in much the same way that colors are projected onto the world by the visual system. For this reason, Hume is said to have a subjectivist or projectivist theory of value.  Whereas Hobbes argued that natural human passions were entirely selfish and that morality was an artificial invention, Hume argued that human nature included some passions – such as familial affection, sexual fidelity, sympathy and pride -- that promoted the common good. Hume called these moral passions, and argued that they constituted the basis of human morality.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;[...] Although Hume’s theory is primarily a meta-ethical account of the nature and ontological status of morality, it segues into normative or substantive ethics in the following way. The ends supplied by the passions provide the first premises of chains of means-end reasoning. [...] It follows from this view of human psychology – and in particular, from this instrumentalist account of reason – that, in the absence of any passions, desires, or ends, reason alone cannot tell you what you ought to do. [...] one cannot go on justifying statements forever, one must come to a stop somewhere. And where one comes to a stop constitutes one’s meta-ethical theory. Theologians stop at divine commands, relativists stop at social conventions, Humeans stop at certain passions. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;[...] The Humean-Darwinian argues that humans are equipped with a suite of adaptations for cooperation, that these adaptations constitute what have been called the moral passions or moral sentiments, and that these adaptations determine what people deem morally good and bad. If one accepts this argument, it makes no sense to complain that evolution may have explained why humans find certain things morally good, but it cannot tell us whether these things are really morally good or not. It follows from the premises of the argument that there is no criterion of ‘moral goodness’ independent of human psychology, and hence this question cannot arise.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Oliver Curry, &lt;i&gt;Who’s Afraid of the Naturalistic Fallacy?&lt;/i&gt;, Evolutionary Psychology, 2006. 4: 234-247 [&lt;a href="www.epjournal.net/filestore/ep04234247.pdf"&gt;pdf&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-1722878813589454534?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/1722878813589454534/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=1722878813589454534&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/1722878813589454534'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/1722878813589454534'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/06/whos-afraid-of-naturalistic-fallacy.html' title='Who’s Afraid of the Naturalistic Fallacy?'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-198036503982227665</id><published>2011-06-23T18:29:00.002+01:00</published><updated>2011-06-23T18:31:32.506+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='matemática'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='vídeo'/><title type='text'>Math Doodling</title><content type='html'>&lt;center&gt;&lt;object style="height: 390px; width: 640px" width="640" height="390"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/XJtLSLCJKHE?version=3"&gt;&lt;param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"&gt;&lt;param name="allowScriptAccess" value="always"&gt;&lt;embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/XJtLSLCJKHE?version=3" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowfullscreen="true" allowscriptaccess="always" width="640" height="390"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Vi Hart - Mathemusician&lt;/center&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-198036503982227665?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/198036503982227665/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=198036503982227665&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/198036503982227665'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/198036503982227665'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/06/vi-hart-mathemusician.html' title='Math Doodling'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-3908566146088751967</id><published>2011-06-21T09:56:00.000+01:00</published><updated>2011-06-21T09:56:00.108+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='liberdade'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='ética'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='política'/><title type='text'>Domínio</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Nem tudo é política. Existe um domínio do privado que faz parte dos direitos fundamentais e que a gestão da coisa pública não tem jurisdição. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Nem tudo é ética. Se o fosse, como respeitar o princípio da imparcialidade no que toca ao irredutível dos nossos filhos?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-3908566146088751967?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/3908566146088751967/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=3908566146088751967&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/3908566146088751967'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/3908566146088751967'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/06/dominio.html' title='Domínio'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-4998152243645675000</id><published>2011-06-15T09:05:00.001+01:00</published><updated>2011-06-15T09:05:00.998+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='cognição'/><title type='text'>Um rio de ideias</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;A nossa mente é uma torrente caótica e inesgotável de pensamentos tenuamente relacionados. Exceptuando as situações excepcionais (como, por exemplo, em perigo de vida) não conseguimos manter a concentração numa única ideia sem que esta seja cercada por dez outras ideias mais ou menos relevantes. E cada pensamento é, dentro do estado fisiológico do cérebro e até onde a nossa ciência nos leva, irredutivelmente ligado a todos os outros, dependendo das concentrações químicas e eléctricas do nosso corpo, do que foi dito ou visto ou lembrado no instante anterior, na intenção, no desejo ou na memória não relacionada que nos atravessou por momentos. E todos prontos a serem levados nesta torrente que nos faz.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-4998152243645675000?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/4998152243645675000/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=4998152243645675000&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/4998152243645675000'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/4998152243645675000'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/06/um-rio-de-ideias.html' title='Um rio de ideias'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-4804655581804700045</id><published>2011-06-10T12:51:00.000+01:00</published><updated>2011-06-10T12:51:00.524+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='ética'/><title type='text'>Relevância</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Os meus genes, a minha infância e a minha educação seriam sempre muito mais importantes que a conversa da treta sobre almas e livres arbítrios. Eles são factores críticos na forma como nos comportamos. Mas torna-nos isso menos responsáveis pelos nossos actos?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-4804655581804700045?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/4804655581804700045/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=4804655581804700045&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/4804655581804700045'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/4804655581804700045'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/06/relevancia.html' title='Relevância'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-2065145736852142397</id><published>2011-06-06T14:54:00.003+01:00</published><updated>2011-06-06T14:54:00.912+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='astronomia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='filmes'/><title type='text'>Viagens</title><content type='html'>Uma maravilhosa curta de &lt;a href="http://vimeo.com/cabbas"&gt;Chris Abbas&lt;/a&gt; baseada nas imagens da missão Cassini a Saturno.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;iframe src="http://player.vimeo.com/video/24410924?title=0&amp;amp;byline=0&amp;amp;portrait=0&amp;amp;color=000" frameborder="0" height="225" width="400"&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://vimeo.com/24410924"&gt;CASSINI MISSION&lt;/a&gt; from &lt;a href="http://vimeo.com/cabbas"&gt;cabbas&lt;/a&gt; on &lt;a href="http://vimeo.com/"&gt;Vimeo&lt;/a&gt;&lt;brhttp://www.blogger.com/img/blank.gif&gt;[&lt;a href="http://astropt.org/blog/2011/06/02/wow/"&gt;via Astro.PT&lt;/a&gt;].&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Outra curta, de &lt;a href="http://vimeo.com/semiconductor"&gt;Semiconductor&lt;/a&gt;, baseado nas imagens do satélite solar STEREO, onde se pode observar a dinâmica do Sol.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;iframe src="http://player.vimeo.com/video/3921306?title=0&amp;amp;byline=0&amp;amp;portrait=0" width="400" height="220" frameborder="0"&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://vimeo.com/3921306"&gt;Black Rain&lt;/a&gt; from &lt;a href="http://vimeo.com/semiconductor"&gt;Semiconductor&lt;/a&gt; on &lt;a href="http://vimeo.com"&gt;Vimeo&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-2065145736852142397?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/2065145736852142397/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=2065145736852142397&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/2065145736852142397'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/2065145736852142397'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/06/viagens.html' title='Viagens'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-3306368011371945505</id><published>2011-06-01T14:55:00.002+01:00</published><updated>2011-06-01T15:02:11.423+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='filosofia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='ética'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='livros'/><title type='text'>Moral Push vs. Moral Pull</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-suiAUs4bv4g/TeZE-VOdrKI/AAAAAAAAEDg/RtV73NaYM78/s1600/Philosophical%2BExplanations.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 248px; height: 400px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-suiAUs4bv4g/TeZE-VOdrKI/AAAAAAAAEDg/RtV73NaYM78/s400/Philosophical%2BExplanations.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5613249823204289698" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Robert Nozick, na sua obra &lt;i&gt;Philosophical Explanations&lt;/i&gt;, distingue e discute dois aspectos da ética que denomina &lt;i&gt;moral push&lt;/i&gt; e &lt;i&gt;moral pull&lt;/i&gt;. Uma tradução possível para estes termos: acção moral e necessidade moral.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Moral Push&lt;/i&gt; foca-se sobre as acções realizadas pelo agente moral e tem como objectivo mostrar que as acções morais são melhores, para o agente, que as acções imorais. Esta área da ética tem a sua origem histórica em Platão e Aristóteles. A acção está separada da necessidade moral e não pode ser fundada nesta. No entanto, Nozick defende que existe um custo nas acções imorais. Uma vida imoral é menos valiosa que uma vida moral. Uma pessoa imoral é menos valiosa que uma pessoa moral. Esta é uma posição análoga à noção indiana do Karma, despida de aspectos metafísicos.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Este valor é uma propriedade resultante da consciência, do ser pessoa (Nozick tenta intuir uma métrica através de cálculos complexos e não muito interessantes). As pessoas têm um valor intrínseco mínimo (de certa forma, descriminado nos direitos fundamentais e defendido pela necessidade moral de os respeitar) mas que pode variar consoante o respectivo comportamento ético.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Moral Pull&lt;/i&gt; foca-se sobre as necessidades morais exigidas às pessoas. O seu objectivo é encontrar a «base moral» que fundamenta e justifica estas restrições. A sua origem histórica deriva da cultura Judáica, nomeadamente do olhar para o homem como especial aos olhos da divindade. Para Nozick essa base moral é «o eu activo», i.e., o agente consciente que deseja e procura valores (&lt;i&gt;a self seeking value&lt;/i&gt;), em resumo, uma pessoa. Uma restrição à acção será evitar danificar qualquer pessoa nas suas características essenciais (ou procurar a preservação máxima de uma sociedade de pessoas, se quisermos ver esta questão de um ponto de vista utilitário). Nas palavras de Nozick: «Treat someone (who is a value-seeking I) as a value-seeking I». Esta perspectiva é similar à proposta por Kant, de considerar cada pessoa como um fim, e não apenas como um meio.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Segundo Nozick existe harmonia moral quando as acções morais são, pelo menos, tão grandes como as necessidades morais. Caso contrário ocorre um vazio moral [cf. pg. 409].&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-3306368011371945505?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/3306368011371945505/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=3306368011371945505&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/3306368011371945505'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/3306368011371945505'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/06/moral-push-vs-moral-pull.html' title='Moral Push vs. Moral Pull'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-suiAUs4bv4g/TeZE-VOdrKI/AAAAAAAAEDg/RtV73NaYM78/s72-c/Philosophical%2BExplanations.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-888339284028939205</id><published>2011-05-26T07:24:00.000+01:00</published><updated>2011-05-26T07:24:00.602+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='ética'/><title type='text'>Derek Parfit</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-0OSF4ET-Nsg/Td0StNLWGjI/AAAAAAAAEC8/eYNt1PlagOA/s1600/41eX7V0qXBL._BO2%252C204%252C203%252C200_PIsitb-sticker-arrow-click%252CTopRight%252C35%252C-76_AA300_SH20_OU02_%255B1%255D.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 300px; height: 300px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-0OSF4ET-Nsg/Td0StNLWGjI/AAAAAAAAEC8/eYNt1PlagOA/s400/41eX7V0qXBL._BO2%252C204%252C203%252C200_PIsitb-sticker-arrow-click%252CTopRight%252C35%252C-76_AA300_SH20_OU02_%255B1%255D.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5610661278614166066" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Hoje é lançado o novo livro de Derek Parfit, &lt;i&gt;On What Matters&lt;/i&gt; [2 volumes, &lt;a href="http://www.amazon.co.uk/What-Matters-Two--set/dp/0199265925/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;qid=1306332195&amp;amp;sr=8-1"&gt;amazon.uk&lt;/a&gt;], um importante filósofo ético, autor do já clássico, &lt;i&gt;Reasons and Person&lt;/i&gt; (1984). Este novo livro, referido por Peter Singer como uma das obras mais importantes em ética dos últimos 150 anos (desde  Sidgwick em 1873), discute e explora uma síntese das principais escolas morais.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-888339284028939205?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/888339284028939205/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=888339284028939205&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/888339284028939205'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/888339284028939205'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/05/derek-parfit.html' title='Derek Parfit'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-0OSF4ET-Nsg/Td0StNLWGjI/AAAAAAAAEC8/eYNt1PlagOA/s72-c/41eX7V0qXBL._BO2%252C204%252C203%252C200_PIsitb-sticker-arrow-click%252CTopRight%252C35%252C-76_AA300_SH20_OU02_%255B1%255D.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-6425152465208489148</id><published>2011-05-25T13:39:00.002+01:00</published><updated>2011-05-25T13:39:00.623+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='ética'/><title type='text'>Pluralismo</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Seja um agente X, numa situação W, com comportamento Y e cujas consequências são Z. A ética da virtude foca-se em X, a deontologia em Y e o utilitarismo em WZ. Porque não focar no XYWZ?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-6425152465208489148?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/6425152465208489148/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=6425152465208489148&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/6425152465208489148'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/6425152465208489148'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/05/pluralismo.html' title='Pluralismo'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-2836079242073622844</id><published>2011-05-20T08:54:00.001+01:00</published><updated>2011-05-20T08:54:00.695+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='humor'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='realidade'/><title type='text'>Realidade</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://www.smbc-comics.com/comics/20110423.gif"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 540px; height: 6351px;" src="http://www.smbc-comics.com/comics/20110423.gif" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;(c) &lt;a href="http://www.smbc-comics.com/index.php?db=comics&amp;amp;id=2223&amp;amp;utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+smbc-comics%2FPvLb+%28Saturday+Morning+Breakfast+Cereal+%28updated+daily%29%29"&gt;Saturday Morning Breakfast Cereal&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-2836079242073622844?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/2836079242073622844/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=2836079242073622844&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/2836079242073622844'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/2836079242073622844'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/05/realidade.html' title='Realidade'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-8433670512473307311</id><published>2011-05-17T12:01:00.000+01:00</published><updated>2011-05-17T12:03:06.477+01:00</updated><title type='text'>Linguagem</title><content type='html'>&lt;blockquote&gt; &lt;p&gt;"What is meant by the word &lt;em&gt;red?&lt;/em&gt;"&lt;br /&gt;"It's a color."&lt;br /&gt;"What's a color?"&lt;br /&gt;"Why, it's a quality things have."&lt;br /&gt;"What's a &lt;em&gt;quality?&lt;/em&gt;"&lt;br /&gt;"Say, what are you trying to do, anyway?"&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;You have pushed him into the clouds.  If, on the other hand, we habitually go &lt;em&gt;down&lt;/em&gt; the abstraction ladder to &lt;em&gt;lower&lt;/em&gt;  levels of abstraction when we are asked the meaning of a word, we are  less likely to get lost in verbal mazes; we will tend to "have our feet  on the ground" and know what we are talking about.  This habit displays  itself in an answer such as this:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"What is meant by the word &lt;em&gt;red?&lt;/em&gt;"&lt;br /&gt;"Well,  the next time you see some cars stopped at an intersection, look at the  traffic light facing them.  Also, you might go to the fire department  and see how their trucks are painted."&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;-- S. I. Hayakawa, &lt;a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=0H1p2sMdyXEC&amp;amp;pg=PA88&amp;amp;lpg=PA88&amp;amp;dq=%22it%27s+a+quality+things+have%22&amp;amp;source=bl&amp;amp;ots=e-xeTes-ey&amp;amp;sig=CRIaG7PXpMZoC6hjqIf7ZqM1tzM&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;ei=KM3ETc7QJZOWsAP56-mmCA&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;oi=book_result&amp;amp;ct=result&amp;amp;resnum=1&amp;amp;ved=0CBYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=%22it%27s%20a%20quality%20things%20have%22&amp;amp;f=false" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Language in Thought and Action&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt; [via &lt;a href="http://lesswrong.com/lw/5kz/the_5second_level/"&gt;Less Wrong&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-8433670512473307311?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/8433670512473307311/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=8433670512473307311&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/8433670512473307311'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/8433670512473307311'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/05/linguagem.html' title='Linguagem'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-8732874935602478883</id><published>2011-05-09T07:46:00.000+01:00</published><updated>2011-05-09T07:46:00.197+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='política'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='sociedade'/><title type='text'>Dinâmica</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Quando alguém com poder percebe o início do falhanço das medidas nas quais está fundada a sua carreira, pode admitir essa constatação ou forçar a situação através das artes de propaganda que ainda mantém. E porquê desistir ao primeiro sinal persistente de contrariedade? Quem garante, quem pode fornecer uma certeza de não ser apenas uma contrariedade um pouco mais teimosa que o habitual dos problemas? Afinal, como adivinhar o futuro? Mas ao escolher o segundo modo torna-se, quer perceba ou não, adversário da realidade. É necessário então, para tornar tudo um pouco mais suportável, reforçar a ilusão, a si e à sua corte, que a distância que os separam (do resto, dos outros) não está a aumentar. Não é de admirar o seu afastamento, a lenta transformação de pessoa em símbolo, a característica progressivamente acrítica dos seus próximos, a ideologia a menorizar a importância dos problemas concretos, o crescer barroco dos protocolos que o protege e sustenta. Mas a realidade não se coaduna com fabricações ou sentimentos mágicos e uma das suas qualidades, mesmo que exasperante para alguns, é a persistência. À medida que o tempo avança, os factos e o desastre que prenunciam acumulam-se. Pouco a pouco, tornam-se complexos, enredados e, num qualquer dia futuro, sem surpresa, irresolúveis. O que pode ter começado como a tensão natural entre interpretações possíveis quando a evidência era curta, ambígua, transforma-se em camuflagem e silenciamento perante a súbita clareza da situação. O monopólio da maquilhagem e da contenção toma precedência à gestão da coisa pública. Depois é esperar que a realidade force essa muralha e, por fim, consiga entrar. Com sede de miséria. Ou de sangue.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-8732874935602478883?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/8732874935602478883/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=8732874935602478883&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/8732874935602478883'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/8732874935602478883'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/05/dinamica.html' title='Dinâmica'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-311414299391045661</id><published>2011-05-05T12:38:00.003+01:00</published><updated>2011-05-05T12:38:00.629+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='cognição'/><title type='text'>Traduções</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;A linguagem não me é suficiente para mapear, nas minhas, o total das tuas metáforas. Será sempre insuficiente a interpretação dessa palavra, deste gesto, daquele silêncio. Mas não leves assim tanto a mal: são os mesmos problemas de mapear, em mim próprio, as metáforas que me carregam.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-311414299391045661?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/311414299391045661/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=311414299391045661&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/311414299391045661'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/311414299391045661'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/05/traducoes.html' title='Traduções'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-9085362442804919754</id><published>2011-04-29T07:01:00.000+01:00</published><updated>2011-04-29T07:01:02.220+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='humor'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='ciência'/><title type='text'>Evento não raro</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-R0Mj5hy0lRw/Tav-YMJli5I/AAAAAAAAEAE/OoX25eXG45E/s1600/prerequisite.PNG"&gt;&lt;img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 323px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-R0Mj5hy0lRw/Tav-YMJli5I/AAAAAAAAEAE/OoX25eXG45E/s400/prerequisite.PNG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5596846653469723538" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-13Nux-JPZes/Tav-UOTtF8I/AAAAAAAAD_8/KyuNFWJf5n0/s1600/prerequisite2.PNG"&gt;&lt;img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 323px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-13Nux-JPZes/Tav-UOTtF8I/AAAAAAAAD_8/KyuNFWJf5n0/s400/prerequisite2.PNG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5596846585329555394" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-xR0J9Oigzqs/Tav-ElnqXdI/AAAAAAAAD_U/2AJLIZdpH0Q/s1600/prerequisite3.PNG"&gt;&lt;img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 323px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-xR0J9Oigzqs/Tav-ElnqXdI/AAAAAAAAD_U/2AJLIZdpH0Q/s400/prerequisite3.PNG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5596846316709371346" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-v4ywYT60YHg/Tav-E4XJi5I/AAAAAAAAD_c/xgZd02gFES4/s1600/prerequisite4.PNG"&gt;&lt;img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 323px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-v4ywYT60YHg/Tav-E4XJi5I/AAAAAAAAD_c/xgZd02gFES4/s400/prerequisite4.PNG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5596846321740385170" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ZEBqTLA8hGA/Tav-FHhVHVI/AAAAAAAAD_k/-gXgw_kUycs/s1600/prerequisite5.PNG"&gt;&lt;img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 323px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ZEBqTLA8hGA/Tav-FHhVHVI/AAAAAAAAD_k/-gXgw_kUycs/s400/prerequisite5.PNG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5596846325809618258" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-s7-v6HkmWIU/Tav-FEMPuMI/AAAAAAAAD_s/aMuUEl1kAFA/s1600/prerequisite6.PNG"&gt;&lt;img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 323px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-s7-v6HkmWIU/Tav-FEMPuMI/AAAAAAAAD_s/aMuUEl1kAFA/s400/prerequisite6.PNG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5596846324915878082" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-qCy48PE9oGo/Tav-FKMLNLI/AAAAAAAAD_0/K8lX7aYEizw/s1600/prerequisite7.PNG"&gt;&lt;img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 323px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-qCy48PE9oGo/Tav-FKMLNLI/AAAAAAAAD_0/K8lX7aYEizw/s400/prerequisite7.PNG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5596846326526194866" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;(c) &lt;a href="http://abstrusegoose.com/272"&gt;Abstruse Goose&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-9085362442804919754?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/9085362442804919754/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=9085362442804919754&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/9085362442804919754'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/9085362442804919754'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/04/evento-nao-raro.html' title='Evento não raro'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-R0Mj5hy0lRw/Tav-YMJli5I/AAAAAAAAEAE/OoX25eXG45E/s72-c/prerequisite.PNG' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-5393086146601270129</id><published>2011-04-25T07:41:00.001+01:00</published><updated>2011-04-25T07:41:00.307+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='citações'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='sociedade'/><title type='text'>A linguagem da felicidade</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"He was terribly afraid that happiness might be a habit, or a quality knitted into the temperament; or it might be something you learn when you're a child, a kind of language, harder than Latin or Greek, that you should have a good grasp on by the time you're seven. What if you haven't got that grasp?What if you're in some way happiness-stupid, happiness-blind? It occurred to him that there are some people,ashamed of being illiterate, who always pretend to others that they can read. Sooner or later they get found out, of course. But it is always possible that while you are valiantly pretending, the principles of reading strike you for the first time, and you are saved. By analogy, it is possible that while you, the unhappy person, are trying out some basic expressions - the kind of thing you get in phrase books for travelers - the grammar and syntax of this neglected language are revealing themselves, somewhere at the back of your mind. That's all very well, he thought, but the process could take years. He understood Lucile's problem:how do you know you will live long enough to be fluent?" &lt;b&gt;Hilary Mantel&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;i&gt;A Place of Greater Safety&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-5393086146601270129?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/5393086146601270129/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=5393086146601270129&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/5393086146601270129'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/5393086146601270129'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/04/linguagem-da-felicidade.html' title='A linguagem da felicidade'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-8788423285618698035</id><published>2011-04-21T18:59:00.001+01:00</published><updated>2011-04-21T18:59:00.267+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='linguagem'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='citações'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='filosofia'/><title type='text'>Dissolução</title><content type='html'>&lt;blockquote&gt;"Imagine a language in which, instead of saying ‘I found nobody in the room’ one said, ‘I found Mr. Nobody in the room.’ Imagine the philosophical problems that would arise out of such a convention." &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Wittgenstein&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;The Blue Book&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-8788423285618698035?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/8788423285618698035/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=8788423285618698035&amp;isPopup=true' title='1 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/8788423285618698035'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/8788423285618698035'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/04/dissolucao.html' title='Dissolução'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-6473480573764371450</id><published>2011-04-18T20:46:00.003+01:00</published><updated>2011-04-18T20:46:00.941+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='economia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='sociedade'/><title type='text'>Centralização e Comunicação</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"[...] many economists argue that socialism is infeasible because people lack the cognitive capacities it requires to work.  The “Calculation Problem” [cf. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_calculation_problem"&gt;wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;] holds that in large-scale societies, it is impossible to make good economic calculations without market prices.  Market prices convey information about the relative scarcity of a good in light of the effective demand for that good.  Market prices provide a simple vehicle for producers and consumers to adjust their behavior to scarcity and demand.  According to the Calculation Problem, socialist planning cannot work, even if everyone were motivated to make it work, because planners do not have access to real prices or to a workable substitute for prices.  The problem of planning an economy is too hard for a small bureau of planners.  (In contrast, in a capitalistic economy, &lt;i&gt;everyone &lt;/i&gt;is a planner.)" &lt;b&gt;Jason Brennan&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.bleedingheartlibertarians.com/2011/03/cohens-why-not-socialism.html"&gt;Cohen's Why Not Socialism?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-6473480573764371450?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/6473480573764371450/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=6473480573764371450&amp;isPopup=true' title='1 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/6473480573764371450'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/6473480573764371450'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/04/centralizacao-e-comunicacao.html' title='Centralização e Comunicação'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-6015583761480295572</id><published>2011-04-14T19:01:00.002+01:00</published><updated>2011-04-14T19:03:39.837+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='imagens'/><title type='text'>Resumo</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-0xFexsDhsuk/Tac2huw-erI/AAAAAAAAD_M/V3jyWbt1DUA/s1600/HAYEZ%252C%2BFrancesco%2B-%2BMeditation%2Bon%2Bthe%2BHistory%2Bof%2BItaly.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 484px; height: 600px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-0xFexsDhsuk/Tac2huw-erI/AAAAAAAAD_M/V3jyWbt1DUA/s400/HAYEZ%252C%2BFrancesco%2B-%2BMeditation%2Bon%2Bthe%2BHistory%2Bof%2BItaly.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5595501015148165810" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Francesco Hayez (1791-1882) - Meditação sobre a História da Itália&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-6015583761480295572?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/6015583761480295572/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=6015583761480295572&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/6015583761480295572'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/6015583761480295572'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/04/resumo.html' title='Resumo'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-0xFexsDhsuk/Tac2huw-erI/AAAAAAAAD_M/V3jyWbt1DUA/s72-c/HAYEZ%252C%2BFrancesco%2B-%2BMeditation%2Bon%2Bthe%2BHistory%2Bof%2BItaly.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-4156567972183393753</id><published>2011-04-13T09:47:00.000+01:00</published><updated>2011-04-13T09:47:00.817+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='liberdade'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='sociedade'/><title type='text'>Escassez II</title><content type='html'>&lt;div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; "&gt;Creation [...] is neither necessary nor sufficient to estab­lish ownership. The focus on creation distracts from the crucial role of first occupation as a property rule for addressing the fundamental fact of scarcity. First occupation, not creation or labor, is both neces­sary and sufficient for the homesteading of unowned scarce resources. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; "&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; "&gt;One reason for the undue stress placed on creation as the source of property rights may be the focus by some on labor as the means to homestead unowned resources. This is manifest in the argument that one homesteads unowned property with which one mixes one’s labor because one “owns” one’s labor. However, as Palmer correct­ly points out, “occupancy, not labor, is the act by which external things become property.” [...] there is no need to maintain the strange view that one “owns” one’s labor in order to own things one first occupies. Labor is a type of action, and action is not ownable; rather, it is the way that some tangible things (e.g., bodies) act in the world. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; "&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; "&gt;&lt;b&gt;Kinsella &lt;/b&gt;- &lt;i&gt;Against Intellectual Property&lt;/i&gt; [&lt;a href="http://mises.org/journals/jls/15_2/15_2_1.pdf"&gt;pdf do artigo&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-4156567972183393753?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/4156567972183393753/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=4156567972183393753&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/4156567972183393753'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/4156567972183393753'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/04/escassez-ii.html' title='Escassez II'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-6185016280600515051</id><published>2011-04-11T19:34:00.002+01:00</published><updated>2011-04-11T19:34:00.855+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='liberdade'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='sociedade'/><title type='text'>Escassez</title><content type='html'>&lt;div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;What is it about tangible goods that makes them sub­jects for property rights? Why are tangible goods property? A little reflection will show that it is these goods’ scarcity—the fact that there can be  conflict over these goods by multiple human actors. The very possibility of conflict over a resource renders it scarce, giving rise to the need for ethical rules to govern its use. Thus, the fundamental  social and ethical function of property rights is to prevent interpersonal conflict over scarce resources. As Hoppe notes: &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;[O]nly because scarcity exists is there even a problem of formulating moral laws; insofar as goods are superabun­dant (“free” goods), no conflict over the use of goods is possible and no action-coordination is needed. Hence, it follows that any ethic, correctly conceived, must be for­mulated as a theory of property, i.e., a theory of the as ­signment of rights of exclusive control over scarce means. Because only then does it become possible to avoid oth­erwise inescapable and unresolvable conflict.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;[...] Nature, then, contains things that are economically scarce. My use of such a thing conflicts with (excludes) your use of it, and vice­ versa. The function of property rights is to prevent interpersonal con­flict over scarce resources, by allocating exclusive ownership of re­sources to specified individuals (owners). [...] Ideas are not naturally scarce. However, by recognizing a right in an ideal object, one creates scarcity where none existed before.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Kinsella &lt;/b&gt;- &lt;i&gt;Against Intellectual Property&lt;/i&gt; [&lt;a href="http://mises.org/journals/jls/15_2/15_2_1.pdf"&gt;pdf do artigo&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-6185016280600515051?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/6185016280600515051/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=6185016280600515051&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/6185016280600515051'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/6185016280600515051'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/04/escassez.html' title='Escassez'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-8951892980690670898</id><published>2011-04-10T07:53:00.000+01:00</published><updated>2011-04-10T07:53:00.526+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='humor'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='cepticismo'/><title type='text'>Storm</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Uma excelente curta de animação que vale a pena para quem tem de ouvir, por educação, adultos a falar de variações sobre o Pai Natal.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;object style="height: 390px; width: 640px" width="640" height="390"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/HhGuXCuDb1U?version=3"&gt;&lt;param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"&gt;&lt;param name="allowScriptAccess" value="always"&gt;&lt;embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/HhGuXCuDb1U?version=3" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowfullscreen="true" allowscriptaccess="always" width="640" height="390"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-8951892980690670898?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/8951892980690670898/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=8951892980690670898&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/8951892980690670898'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/8951892980690670898'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/04/storm.html' title='Storm'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-4038843630593786540</id><published>2011-04-08T09:01:00.000+01:00</published><updated>2011-04-08T09:01:00.884+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='sociedade'/><title type='text'>Diferença de Tratamento</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;É suposto a uma associação tratar de forma distinta os seus associados das restantes pessoas. O estado é uma associação que representa &lt;i&gt;todos&lt;/i&gt; aqueles que pertencem a um dado espaço geográfico ou cultural e vê, assim, impedida essa diferença de tratamento. Um estado não pode ser neutral até porque precisa de um orçamento (e nunca há voluntários que cheguem) mas tem de ser imparcial.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-4038843630593786540?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/4038843630593786540/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=4038843630593786540&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/4038843630593786540'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/4038843630593786540'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/04/diferenca-de-tratamento.html' title='Diferença de Tratamento'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-3756385729589499912</id><published>2011-04-06T07:48:00.000+01:00</published><updated>2011-04-06T07:48:00.652+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='ética'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='sociedade'/><title type='text'>Intenção</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" id="internal-source-marker_0.17198241821749338"&gt;A  intenção é irrelevante se algum direito fundamental for violado. A  sociedade tem o dever de erguer muros legais e éticos que previnam até  as más acções involuntárias.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-3756385729589499912?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/3756385729589499912/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=3756385729589499912&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/3756385729589499912'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/3756385729589499912'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/04/intencao.html' title='Intenção'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-4757912613785897967</id><published>2011-04-05T11:07:00.002+01:00</published><updated>2011-04-05T11:11:31.381+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='ética'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='religião'/><title type='text'>Leituras</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Se segues um livro sagrado que contém bons e maus mandamentos morais, e consegues destinguir quais são quais, qual é a utilidade moral do livro?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-4757912613785897967?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/4757912613785897967/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=4757912613785897967&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/4757912613785897967'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/4757912613785897967'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/04/leituras.html' title='Leituras'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-4579296957721307174</id><published>2011-04-04T11:34:00.004+01:00</published><updated>2011-04-04T11:34:00.685+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='liberdade'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='política'/><title type='text'>Manutenção</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Os direitos cívicos como o direito a  uma vida integra, a liberdade de expressão e acesso à informação, de  associação familiar e colectiva ou a uma educação secular, são os necessários direitos fundamentais que cumprem dois objectivos: (a)  protegem todas as pessoas de forma igual,  e (b) mantêm uma sociedade onde eles podem ser aplicados (designada aqui por sociedade civil).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Como corolário de (a) verificamos que a plena execução destes objectivos  necessita de uma república (no sentido da igualdade de direitos e deveres fundamentais ou legais). Relativamente a (b) obtemos uma resposta  sobre as questões de tolerância a ideias contrárias: uma sociedade civil  deve proteger-se contra quaisquer acções que ameacem a sua existência  (especialmente se originadas pelos líderes eleitos para  exercer a governação). Também por (b) se justifica que o direito à educação seja universal, grátis e compulsório (uma população mais iletrada é menos capaz de sustentar uma sociedade civil).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Existem outros tipos de direitos, como direitos políticos (direito ao  voto, de poder ser eleito, de petição) ou direitos económicos (direito à  troca e ao lucro, acesso a um mercado o mais livre possível e de igual  oportunidades, etc.). Estes direitos são muitíssimo importantes mas não  creio que sejam tão importantes como os direitos civis referidos. Os  direitos políticos implicam uma democracia, e os económicos um sistema  capitalista. Ora, a democracia e o capitalismo são as melhores  ferramentas que possuímos para manter uma sociedade civil (apesar das suas implementações presentes serem passíveis de muitos melhoramentos). Mas elas são  apenas ferramentas. Encontrando melhores soluções, estes sistemas  poderiam ser substituídos (talvez isto nunca venha a acontecer mas  diz-nos o passado que o futuro encerra  imensas potencialidades  inesperadas). O que eu não estou disposto a sacrificar é o ideal da  sociedade civil em troca de qualquer outra proposta, por mais apetecível  e viável que seja*.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(*) Somos cidadãos do nosso tempo. A ideologia, mais ou menos cerrada, apanha-nos a todos.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-4579296957721307174?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/4579296957721307174/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=4579296957721307174&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/4579296957721307174'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/4579296957721307174'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/04/manutencao.html' title='Manutenção'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-4821852518211846626</id><published>2011-03-31T18:11:00.001+01:00</published><updated>2011-03-31T18:11:00.411+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='ética'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='sociedade'/><title type='text'>Solidariedade Inter-geracional</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Salvo morte ou má-sorte inesperada é errado a um pai deixar aos seus filhos uma herança com mais dívidas que créditos. Esta ideia deveria servir de analogia às decisões económicas da sociedade. Uma geração deve evitar viver à conta do esforço futuro dos seus filhos. Assim, qualquer política insustentável, ou sustentável sobre premissas de duvidosa probabilidade, seria vista como socialmente errada. Com isto em mente, o que dizer-lhes sobre as nossas escolhas? Sobre os investimentos públicos que escolhemos, os benefícios que a nós próprios concedemos, a exigência e qualidade da educação que lhes damos?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-4821852518211846626?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/4821852518211846626/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=4821852518211846626&amp;isPopup=true' title='2 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/4821852518211846626'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/4821852518211846626'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/03/solidariedade-inter-geracional.html' title='Solidariedade Inter-geracional'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-8336224207507926870</id><published>2011-03-29T14:45:00.005+01:00</published><updated>2011-03-29T21:09:39.834+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='matemática'/><title type='text'>Exploração</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Por volta de 1990, sentado à frente de um então poderoso Intel 80486, lembro-me ainda do prazer de explorar os infinitos interstícios do &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandelbrot_set"&gt;conjunto de Mandelbrot&lt;/a&gt; com o velhinho Fractint (software que ainda &lt;a href="http://www.fractint.org/"&gt;existe&lt;/a&gt;!). Deixo-vos um pouco dessa sensação, agora actualizada a 3D, na exploração do &lt;a href="http://sites.google.com/site/mandelbox/what-is-a-mandelbox"&gt;Mandelbox&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;object style="height: 390px; width: 640px;" width="640" height="390"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/bO9ugnn8DbE?version=3"&gt;&lt;param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"&gt;&lt;param name="allowScriptAccess" value="always"&gt;&lt;embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/bO9ugnn8DbE?version=3" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowfullscreen="true" allowscriptaccess="always" width="640" height="390"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;[via &lt;a href="http://marginalrevolution.com/marginalrevolution/2011/03/mandelbox.html"&gt;Marginal Revolution&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-8336224207507926870?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/8336224207507926870/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=8336224207507926870&amp;isPopup=true' title='1 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/8336224207507926870'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/8336224207507926870'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/03/exploracao.html' title='Exploração'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-7248215678387896982</id><published>2011-03-28T10:36:00.000+01:00</published><updated>2011-03-28T10:36:00.696+01:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='liberdade'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='ética'/><title type='text'>Redução</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Os nossos preconceitos tiram-nos liberdade ao reduzir as opções  possíveis às opções aceitáveis. O mesmo se passa com a honra ou com a  exigência da virtude. Ou no acordo social da comunidade onde somos o que  somos. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Há outras restrições às opções possíveis, e que reflectem  aspectos da realidade não deliberados: restrições económicas,  geográficas, tecnológicas, de recursos, físicas ou mentais. Mas estas  não são do domínio da liberdade, não são resultado directo de uma  opressão consciente, política ou social, individual ou colectiva. E  estas não são as mais difíceis de resolver ou minorar.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-7248215678387896982?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/7248215678387896982/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=7248215678387896982&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/7248215678387896982'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/7248215678387896982'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/03/reducao.html' title='Redução'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-8531128878966222438</id><published>2011-03-25T10:49:00.006Z</published><updated>2011-03-25T11:13:56.972Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='copyright'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='liberdade'/><title type='text'>Hipocrisia Aplicada</title><content type='html'>Isto pode-se fazer:&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-W-THH1rI18M/TYx0s0XTL-I/AAAAAAAAD-U/qQKYS_Z4N_U/s1600/snowWhite.jpg"&gt;&lt;img src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-W-THH1rI18M/TYx0s0XTL-I/AAAAAAAAD-U/qQKYS_Z4N_U/s400/snowWhite.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5587969550979379170" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 165px; " /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-iSNm6AzrBmM/TYx0sg9E9WI/AAAAAAAAD-M/dXdXGQXTrbk/s1600/alladin.jpg"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-iSNm6AzrBmM/TYx0sg9E9WI/AAAAAAAAD-M/dXdXGQXTrbk/s1600/alladin.jpg"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-2tvq9sx3Bm0/TYx0tWR_MfI/AAAAAAAAD-k/vkiMNslRhEE/s1600/mermaid.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 184px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-2tvq9sx3Bm0/TYx0tWR_MfI/AAAAAAAAD-k/vkiMNslRhEE/s400/mermaid.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5587969560083902962" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Tz6uq6zDmqQ/TYx0tOfbLsI/AAAAAAAAD-c/J0gJW8UZFJA/s1600/mulan.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 189px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Tz6uq6zDmqQ/TYx0tOfbLsI/AAAAAAAAD-c/J0gJW8UZFJA/s400/mulan.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5587969557992779458" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-W-THH1rI18M/TYx0s0XTL-I/AAAAAAAAD-U/qQKYS_Z4N_U/s1600/snowWhite.jpg"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-iSNm6AzrBmM/TYx0sg9E9WI/AAAAAAAAD-M/dXdXGQXTrbk/s1600/alladin.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 180px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-iSNm6AzrBmM/TYx0sg9E9WI/AAAAAAAAD-M/dXdXGQXTrbk/s400/alladin.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5587969545769121122" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Já isto é proibido:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ty7kg8hAl10/TYx4cz_H-ZI/AAAAAAAAD-8/oZsP91s9qfo/s1600/mickey.jpg"&gt;&lt;img src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ty7kg8hAl10/TYx4cz_H-ZI/AAAAAAAAD-8/oZsP91s9qfo/s400/mickey.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5587973674046585234" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 193px; " /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  &gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;"&gt;&lt;blockquote style="text-align: justify;"&gt;On October 21, 1971, [...] Disney accused the Pirates of copyright infringement, trademark infringement, unfair competition, intentional interference with business, and trade disparagement through the wrongful use of its characters. It stated that Disney, through "great effort and...large sums of money," had created characters whose "image of innocent delightfulness...are known and loved by people all over the world, particularly children" and that the defendants' efforts to "disparage and ridicule" these characters threatened to destroy Disney's business. The complaint requested that Disney be awarded all of the Pirates' profits, $5,000 for each copyright infringement, treble damages for the trademark infringement, punitive damages of $100,000 from each defendant, surrender of the offending books, and reimbursement of its attorneys' fees. [&lt;a href="http://reason.com/archives/2004/12/01/disneys-war-against-the-counte"&gt;ref&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-LIJ8GZSoaws/TYx4dbPrYQI/AAAAAAAAD_E/O59W-PC4MPc/s1600/tigger.jpg"&gt;&lt;img src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-LIJ8GZSoaws/TYx4dbPrYQI/AAAAAAAAD_E/O59W-PC4MPc/s400/tigger.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5587973684584997122" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 127px; " /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(52, 52, 52); font-family: verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; "&gt;&lt;blockquote style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Disney filed a million dollar lawsuit against a family-owned clown company for trademark infringement. Marisol Perez-Chaveco and her husband run Kool Klown Party People in Claremont. The couple bought Winnie-the-Pooh, Eyeore and Tigger costumes on eBay for $700 and advertised the caracters on their company website, MySpace and Craig's List. Disney sent them three letters demanding them to remove the pictures and turn the costumes over to Disney so they can be destroyed. If not they would be sued.  [&lt;a href="http://www.visionsfantastic.com/forum/f70/disney-sues-clowns-22992/"&gt;ref&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 238); -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: underline; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(52, 52, 52); font-family: verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; "&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-8531128878966222438?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/8531128878966222438/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=8531128878966222438&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/8531128878966222438'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/8531128878966222438'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/03/hipocrisia-aplicada.html' title='Hipocrisia Aplicada'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-W-THH1rI18M/TYx0s0XTL-I/AAAAAAAAD-U/qQKYS_Z4N_U/s72-c/snowWhite.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-836705715210498932</id><published>2011-03-25T08:45:00.001Z</published><updated>2011-03-25T08:47:32.169Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='interpretação'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='realidade'/><title type='text'>Mapas e Territórios</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://imgs.xkcd.com/comics/trapped.png"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 740px; height: 315px;" src="http://imgs.xkcd.com/comics/trapped.png" border="0" alt="" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;(c) &lt;a href="http://xkcd.com/876/"&gt;xkcd&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-836705715210498932?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/836705715210498932/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=836705715210498932&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/836705715210498932'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/836705715210498932'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/03/mapas-e-territorios.html' title='Mapas e Territórios'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-1591523684851064586</id><published>2011-03-21T08:34:00.001Z</published><updated>2011-03-21T08:34:00.672Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='ética'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='sociedade'/><title type='text'>Inércia II</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Parte da moral de uma cultura resulta das condições de vida, dos recursos e da simpatia dos elementos naturais. O problema de dogmatizar preceitos morais é estes perderem a razão de ser com o progresso social e com a eliminação dos problemas que motivaram inicialmente esse comportamento. O que antes tivera uma utilidade social passa a ser um travão, uma restrição ou permissão irracional.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-1591523684851064586?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/1591523684851064586/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=1591523684851064586&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/1591523684851064586'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/1591523684851064586'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/03/inercia-ii.html' title='Inércia II'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-5994230038772515174</id><published>2011-03-18T10:32:00.001Z</published><updated>2011-03-18T10:32:00.274Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='cognição'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='ética'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='sociedade'/><title type='text'>Inércia</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Se existe um mecanismo inato para a aprendizagem de uma moral particular  (a da cultura onde se nasce), isto significa que, à imagem da  linguagem, as possíveis morais humanas - para além de limitadas pelas  capacidades cognitivas da espécie - também partilham uma estrutura  básica comum, sendo os detalhes, os diversos parâmetros dessa gramática  moral, preenchidos pela respectiva sociedade onde o individuo se insere e  se faz adulto. Mas isto terá uma outra implicação: se a aprendizagem da  primeira moral é natural e automática (como o aprender da língua  nativa), aprender uma segunda moral é uma tarefa onerosa, difícil e  quase nunca totalmente concretizada. Se for assim, este é um mecanismo  de inércia à mudança, uma resistência passiva própria das culturas. Para  quem nasce numa comunidade que desenvolveu, ao longo da sua história,  uma moral mais dogmática, preconceituosa, provinciana, a oportunidade da  uma saída representa um choque, a possibilidade uma nova tragédia.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-5994230038772515174?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/5994230038772515174/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=5994230038772515174&amp;isPopup=true' title='1 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/5994230038772515174'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/5994230038772515174'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/03/inercia.html' title='Inércia'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-5898512778347592698</id><published>2011-03-14T20:29:00.003Z</published><updated>2011-03-14T20:35:50.479Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='política'/><title type='text'>Interesses</title><content type='html'>&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 14px; font-family: arial, sans-serif; "&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Um post completo de um novo blog de teoria política muito interessante:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"The remarkable truth of this conversation between bleeding heart libertarians and progressives is that our disagreement is &lt;em&gt;exclusively&lt;/em&gt; empirical. If we all agree that political institutions should be arranged to alleviate poverty, then the only remaining question is which policies actually do this. Why is it then that we cannot agree, or at least converge, by just looking at reliable data, studies, and empirical theories?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;I suggest an answer: in the political arena, a person often supports a policy, not because of the effects he thinks that policy will have, but because &lt;em&gt;his supporting it&lt;/em&gt; has symbolic value for himself or others. Supporting the minimum wage is an act that &lt;em&gt;stands for&lt;/em&gt; a value such as concern for the poor. The person who is concerned for the poor wants to &lt;em&gt;express &lt;/em&gt;that concern, and there are acts that socially symbolize that concern: praising the New Deal, announcing that you voted for a Democrat, supporting public schools, criticizing Bush. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Symbolic behavior, I hasten to say, is not exclusive of progressives. In libertarian circles someone may oppose environmental regulation for symbolic reasons. That position evinces a hostile attitude toward government regulation in general which he wants to express. In his haste to send the right signals he overlooks (say) the problems of externalities and market failure. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;The speaker in these cases might not simply want to express himself.  He may be anxious to be accepted in certain groups who associate the verbal act with other beliefs that the speaker presumably has and that make him a desirable candidate for admission.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;I have found that this problem, self-defeating political symbolism, is extraordinarily hard to eradicate and fatally gets in the way of agreement between these two audiences. Progressives feel compelled to stand by their positions even in the face of evidence that the policies they advocate frustrate the goal they profess. They stick to those views because the views strongly symbolize and give unity to a vision of the world associated with social justice. Libertarians, on the other hand, have a hard time convincing progressives that they care for the poor because they endorse policies that &lt;em&gt;do not socially symbolize&lt;/em&gt; concern for social justice.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;I do not know how to get around this problem, but, for whatever is worth, I find symbolic behavior morally objectionable, because the speaker cares about the values he expresses more than about those persons he says he wants to help." &lt;b&gt;Fernando Teson&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.bleedingheartlibertarians.com/2011/03/why-we-dont-agree.html"&gt;Bleeding Heart Libertarians&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-5898512778347592698?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/5898512778347592698/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=5898512778347592698&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/5898512778347592698'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/5898512778347592698'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/03/interesses.html' title='Interesses'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-3691418811609327994</id><published>2011-03-08T07:58:00.002Z</published><updated>2011-03-08T07:58:00.280Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='religião'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='razão'/><title type='text'>Heresias</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;A Heresia é um crime de pensamento. Ela que ocorre quando se rejeitam dogmas da religião ou ideologia em questão. Quando o limite imposto ao que é aceite como modelo ou verdade se baseia num arbitrário tradicional, qualquer reavaliação crítica vê-se perante uma resposta violenta. Não é possível dialogar com uma corporação religiosa ou ideológica que se proclama revelada. Sustenta-os a palavra que é dogma, seja de origem divina, profética ou fossilizada numa obra secular. E essa palavra, uma vez em acção, não se altera pacificamente porque não é no argumento racional que encontra forças. É surda e agressiva, conservadora do poder que obteve na sorte do processo histórico.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;A história da Igreja Católica é milenar. Tendo em conta o número de dogmas impostos ao longo dos séculos, muitos deles derivados de questões políticas ou de lutas de poder (como no concílio de Niceia) mas que há muito perderam significado. Por isso, não é surpreendente o número de &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_heresy"&gt;heresias&lt;/a&gt; erradicadas pelo ramo mais bem sucedido do &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heresies_in_Catholicism"&gt;cristianismo&lt;/a&gt;. Entre a extensa lista, encontrei dois exemplos de heresia que usavam a racionalidade como arma.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Monarquianismo&lt;/b&gt;: Assentavam na natureza única de deus que implicava a rejeição da trindade. Estas heresia nasceu nos séculos II e III. Os seus seguidores estudavam os textos sagrados através de silogismos e eram admiradores de sábios como Euclides, Aristóteles ou Galeno. Houve vários ramos desta heresia, como os Modalistas, e diz-se que sobreviveram de uma forma ou de outra até ao século IX. [&lt;a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10448a.htm"&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Socinianismo&lt;/b&gt;: Esta também é uma heresia sobre a natureza de deus. Dois irmãos de sobrenome Sozinni na Polónia em meados do séc. XVI. A opinião herege era igualmente a negação da trindade por negar a unidade de deus. Neste caso, deus é uma entidade única sendo o espírito santo o seu poder. Assim, ao promover a unicidade, cristo não poderia ser uma entidade humana e divina. E isso implica negar a divindade de Jesus bem como a sua pré-existência. A Bíblia era autoridade apenas quando interpretada através da razão [&lt;a href="http://www.carm.org/socinianism"&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14113a.htm"&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;]. Esta crença teve um grande impacto na Europa de Leste, tendo durado cerca de um século antes de desaparecer.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-3691418811609327994?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/3691418811609327994/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=3691418811609327994&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/3691418811609327994'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/3691418811609327994'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/03/heresias.html' title='Heresias'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-2972957358109598878</id><published>2011-03-03T03:03:00.000Z</published><updated>2011-03-03T03:03:01.236Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='política'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='sociedade'/><title type='text'>Ideologia</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;A ideologia é uma falha cognitiva humana que impede um sujeito de processar evidência incompatível com os seus princípios. Isto costuma ocorrer de forma inconsciente e automática. Ninguém está a salvo deste problema. Os preconceitos e as inclinações são-nos naturais e é apenas através de um esforço crítico constante que conseguimos lutar contra esta tendência. A partir de um certo nível, a cegueira ideológica pode transformar-se em fanatismo (religioso, político) onde nenhuma evidência contrária é considerada. O fanático é um sujeito que habita um mundo maniqueísta de certezas e dogmas revelados.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Sou da opinião que a filosofia liberal (no sentido clássico do termo) deu-nos a resposta mais apropriada para lidar com este problema. Uma atitude liberal assenta no admitir sempre a possibilidade que o outro possa ter razão, e que é errado coagi-lo para que não proponha soluções diversas. Ou seja, a promoção da tolerância. A tolerância tem custos e riscos (devemos ser tolerantes em relação aos fanáticos? deve ir a eleições um partido antidemocrático?) mas, no geral, é uma aproximação pouco ideológica que, diz-nos a experiência, é capaz de lidar com o bem comum. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Ser tolerante não significa aceitar de igual modo todas as soluções ou que todas elas são igualmente válidas (as teses sofistas ou pós-modernas). Cada solução é suportada em argumentos e evidência, o que lhes atribui um certo grau de qualidade e viabilidade. Uma solução é melhor se do seu lado houver mais argumentos a favor que contra, mais evidência positiva que negativa. Sem informação relevante não podemos ter convicções fortes que uma política é melhor que outra, ou seja, não há soluções absolutas nem argumentos últimos. Há sim um acumular de razões, de teorias, de experiências que podemos usar para melhorar as nossas decisões presentes e futuras.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Estas noções são subjacentes às sociedades liberais modernas, sejam elas conservadoras, social-democratas ou liberais (eis uma palavra com demasiados usos...). A tolerância, a democracia, os direitos fundamentais são conceitos considerados não negociáveis na cultura dita ocidental e tão óbvios que os assumimos naturalmente. Por um lado isto seria expectável porque estes conceitos correspondem a uma prática política e social que obteve muitos sucessos e trouxe uma melhoria geral nas condições de muitos povos, principalmente se comparados com a esmagadora maioria dos estados totalitários. Por outro, é um pouco surpreendente dada a sua implementação social, em termos históricos, ser muitíssimo recente e estando ainda por concluir (lembrar as polémicas e alergias gregárias que levantam os direitos dos homossexuais ou o aceitar da eutanásia activa).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Tendo em conta o carácter axiomático que um liberal clássico dá às liberdades individuais, uma política só é adequada se a sua execução não colocar essas liberdades em risco. Este ponto pode ser usado para arremessar a acusação ideológica ao liberal. Sem grande surpresa existe a variante fanática do liberalismo, os libertários, que advogam a quase total obliteração do estado com a premissa ideológica que nada que provenha do estado é positivo. Como qualquer tipo de pensamento fortemente ideológico, esta posição política é irracional sendo cega a factos históricos indiscutíveis (como a abolição da escravatura, a emancipação das mulheres ou a escolaridade universal, só para dar três exemplos básicos). &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Como se disse no início, não parece ser possível erradicar as inclinações e preconceitos de um ser humano. Mas isso não significa que devamos minimizar o seu efeito. Ora um liberal também traça uma linha perante a qual não recua; um liberal não é um anarquista ou um niilista. Essa linha existe para defender os direitos fundamentais de cada pessoa (sendo crítica a discussão de quais exactamente são esses direitos). O que o liberal acredita é que essa linha não deve desenhada em favor de qualquer projecto social idealizado no passado (típico do conservador radical) ou no futuro (do progressista radical).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Argumenta o pensamento liberal que a livre expressão de todas as opiniões é o melhor caminho para apresentar, debater e encontrar soluções sustentadas. Estas soluções poderão, se a comunidade assim o entender, ser experimentadas no âmbito público. Daqui a necessidade da democracia para legitimar esta dinâmica pública de discussão. Prefere-se o uso de políticas suportadas na experiência, adaptáveis às circunstâncias presentes e resultados passados do que aquelas inspiradas em dogmas e certezas ideológicas. E se as soluções escolhidas ficarem aquém do prometido, o debate livre de ideias, alimentado com a nova evidência da experiência anterior, será capaz de propor e implementar novas soluções. Por isso um liberal clássico pode concordar com políticas conservadoras ou progressistas mas é totalmente incompatível com a execução de políticas totalitárias (pela sua própria natureza, antidemocráticas).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Não é de admirar que as sociedades liberais do ocidente se baseiam na experimentação (muitas vezes sincronizadas com ciclos eleitorais ou remodelações governamentais) e que esse experimentar produza múltiplos falhanços e, devido à inércia social e legislativa, num acumular de gordura estatal e burocracia redundante. O motivo é que elas também nos oferecem uma dinâmica e poder de adaptação que, mostra-nos a história dos últimos séculos, não encontra paralelo com governos ideológicos, fundados no absoluto tão típico dos regimes totalitários e teocráticos.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-2972957358109598878?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/2972957358109598878/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=2972957358109598878&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/2972957358109598878'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/2972957358109598878'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/03/ideologia.html' title='Ideologia'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-5759176144273244816</id><published>2011-02-28T13:16:00.003Z</published><updated>2011-02-28T13:16:01.271Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='tolerância'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='liberdade'/><title type='text'>Asserções Sustentadas</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Uma asserção universal (como "Todos os seres humanos nascem livres e iguais em dignidade e direitos", artº 1 da Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos)  tem uma abrangência tal que deve ser sustentada quer por teses e argumentos válidos como por evidência concreta a seu favor. As asserções liberais defendidas por pessoas como John Locke, Adam Smith, Thomas Jefferson ou Stuart Mill possuem forte sustentação argumentativa nas vertentes filosófica, ética e económica. A complementar estas teses temos agora a experiência histórica e social do Século XX. Esta evidência é de tal modo forte que, hoje em dia, é difícil contrariá-la sem uma pesada componente ideológica (um eufemismo para cegueira cognitiva).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-5759176144273244816?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/5759176144273244816/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=5759176144273244816&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/5759176144273244816'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/5759176144273244816'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/02/assercoes-sustentadas.html' title='Asserções Sustentadas'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-3856483265472407803</id><published>2011-02-25T09:01:00.003Z</published><updated>2011-02-25T09:01:00.399Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='cognição'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='citações'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Daniel Dennet'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='ciência'/><title type='text'>Resíduo</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"The third-person methods of the  natural sciences suffice to investigate consciousness as completely as  any phenomenon in nature can be investigated, without significant  residue. What is the import of “significant” here? Simply this: If  scientists were to study a single grain of sand, there would always be  more that could be discovered about it, no matter how long they worked.  The sums of the attractive and repulsive forces between all the  subatomic particles composing the atoms composing the grain will always  have some residual uncertainty in the last significant digit we  have calculated to date, and backtracking the location in space-time of the  grain of sand over the eons will lead to a spreading cone of  indiscernibility. But our ignorance will not be significant.  The principle of diminishing returns applies. My claim is that if we use  the third-person methods of science to study human consciousness,  whatever residual ignorance we must acknowledge “at the end of the day”  will be no more unsettling, no more frustrating or mystifying, than the  ignorance that is ineliminable when we study photosynthesis,  earthquakes, or grains of sand. In short, no good reasons have been  advanced for the popular hypothesis that consciousness is, from the point  of view of third-person science, a mystery in a way that other  natural phenomena are not" - &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Daniel Dennett&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Sweet Dreams&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-3856483265472407803?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/3856483265472407803/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=3856483265472407803&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/3856483265472407803'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/3856483265472407803'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/02/residuo.html' title='Resíduo'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-3210487741813685668</id><published>2011-02-21T18:09:00.001Z</published><updated>2011-02-21T18:09:00.669Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='cognição'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='evolução'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='ética'/><title type='text'>Adaptação Moral</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;O instinto moral do &lt;i&gt;Homo Sapiens&lt;/i&gt; evoluiu tal como a sua capacidade para falar.  Não é coincidência que tabus como o incesto, o canibalismo ou o assassinato são praticamente universais. Eles são uma expressão de como os nossos processos cognitivos evoluíram há centenas de milhar de anos. Esta estrutura comportamental básica é independente das crenças regionais das populações humanas. Todo o regulamento moral expresso numa dada cultura derivou deste conjunto inicial, gravado algures no nosso cérebro. Fazê-lo melhor, com menos erros e arbitrariedades, mais apropriado às complexidades e exigências das sociedades actuais é um projecto similar à obtenção de qualquer outro tipo de conhecimento. Neste caso, é uma tarefa da ética, das ciências cognitivas e da psicologia comportamental.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-3210487741813685668?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/3210487741813685668/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=3210487741813685668&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/3210487741813685668'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/3210487741813685668'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/02/adaptacao-moral.html' title='Adaptação Moral'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-5747520935292892890</id><published>2011-02-16T10:44:00.001Z</published><updated>2011-02-16T10:44:00.182Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='ciência'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='sociedade'/><title type='text'>A Emergência da Polícia</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Uma economia onde quem contribuí para a sociedade (via impostos e taxas, por exemplo)  mas que não tenha um sistema de fiscalização, permite a invasão de elementos parasitas (&lt;i&gt;free-riders&lt;/i&gt;) cuja estratégia é aproveitar-se do bem comum sem colaborar (e, assim, obter maiores ganhos). Desta forma, é natural que surjam esquemas de punição para coagir os elementos da comunidade a participar no esforço conjunto. Isto ocorre mesmo em comunidades pequenas, onde não existe um estado central que produz normas e fiscaliza o seu cumprimento. Experiências recentes feitas em laboratório mostram evidência que até em interacções anónimas (onde não existe reputação nem redes familiares que motivam e reforçam a colaboração) emerge naturalmente um esquema de punição que força, com sucesso, a colaboração média da comunidade. Este tipo de investigação vê a cooperação como um sinónimo de punição altruísta [1,2,3].&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Existem dois esquemas básicos de punição: a vingança (termo técnico: &lt;i&gt;peer punishment&lt;/i&gt;) e a polícia (&lt;i&gt;pool punishment&lt;/i&gt;). Numa sociedade com poucos parasitas, a vingança é economicamente mais eficiente (manter uma polícia sai caro) mas é menos estável. Na maior parte dos casos reais, a polícia acaba sempre por emergir (exemplo: no &lt;i&gt;Wild West&lt;/i&gt; um dos primeiros acordos comunitários numa nova cidade era atribuir a alguém os poderes de xerife).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Também em laboratório estudou-se as causas responsáveis pela emergência de uma polícia [4,5,6]. Em resumo: manter uma polícia é custoso e é vista pela comunidade como um bem comum. Um cidadão que não tenha um comportamento parasita mas que não contribua para o esforço de manter a polícia, passa a ser visto como um parasita de 2ª ordem, ao qual é adequado forçar certo tipo de punição. O que se verificou é que quando esta punição de 2ª ordem não é estabelecida, a polícia tende a dissolver-se (cada vez há menos pessoas a sustentá-la) e passa-se para um esquema de &lt;i&gt;peer punishmen&lt;/i&gt;t onde a punição pelas próprias mãos passa a ser a norma. Quando a punição de 2ª ordem é imposta à comunidade, a &lt;i&gt;pool punishment&lt;/i&gt; torna-se a estratégia dominante (resultando numa baixa percentagem de parasitas de 1ª e 2ª ordem).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Refs: &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;[1] Henrich et al., &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/312/5781/1767.abstract"&gt;Costly Punishment Across Human Societies&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/i&gt;(2006)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;[2] Fowler, &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/102/19/7047.abstract"&gt;Altruistic punishment and the origin of cooperation&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/i&gt;(2005)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;[3] Boyd et al., &lt;a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/100/6/3531.abstract" style="font-style: italic; "&gt;The evolution of altruistic punishment&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;(2002)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;[4] de Silva et al., &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.evolbio.mpg.de/~traulsen/paper/49.pdf"&gt;Freedom, enforcement, and the social dilemma of strong altruism&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (2009)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;[5] Gürerk et al., &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/312/5770/108.abstract"&gt;The Competitive Advantage of Sanctioning Institution&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (2006)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;[6] Hilbe et al., &lt;a href="http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2010/04/01/rspb.2010.0065.abstract"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Incentives and opportunism: from the carrot to the stick&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt; (2010)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-5747520935292892890?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/5747520935292892890/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=5747520935292892890&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/5747520935292892890'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/5747520935292892890'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/02/emergencia-da-policia.html' title='A Emergência da Polícia'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-1289653348514825299</id><published>2011-02-13T21:42:00.002Z</published><updated>2011-02-13T21:42:00.139Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='cognição'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='aforismos'/><title type='text'>O mapa não é o território</title><content type='html'>O cérebro habita o território, a mente desenha e desenha-se nos mapas.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-1289653348514825299?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/1289653348514825299/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=1289653348514825299&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/1289653348514825299'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/1289653348514825299'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/02/o-mapa-nao-e-o-territorio.html' title='O mapa não é o território'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-6466165337005870445</id><published>2011-02-10T19:38:00.001Z</published><updated>2011-02-10T19:38:00.587Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='sociedade'/><title type='text'>Muralhas</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;A burocracia promove a economia paralela. Ela cria uma muralha legal e financeira que impede pessoas e recursos de se inscreverem no mercado formal. A burocracia também promove a corrupção. Quando se força um labirinto, abre-se a possibilidade a muitos atalhos.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-6466165337005870445?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/6466165337005870445/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=6466165337005870445&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/6466165337005870445'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/6466165337005870445'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/02/muralhas.html' title='Muralhas'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-3911472826213799841</id><published>2011-02-07T10:35:00.000Z</published><updated>2011-02-07T10:35:00.379Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='citações'/><title type='text'>Experimentação</title><content type='html'>"The life of the Law has not been Logic, it has been experience" Oliver Wendell Holmes&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-3911472826213799841?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/3911472826213799841/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=3911472826213799841&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/3911472826213799841'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/3911472826213799841'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/02/experimentacao.html' title='Experimentação'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-4734618192214835789</id><published>2011-02-04T07:24:00.000Z</published><updated>2011-02-04T07:24:00.483Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='sociedade'/><title type='text'>Progresso</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;A complexidade progressiva das sociedades modernas torna irreversível a descentralização. Já não são opção o comité central, a agremiação de sábios ou a oligarquia dos influentes (apesar da sua existência persistir enquanto for lucrativo o respectivo roubo). A única opção que poderá restar ao movimento contrário é o eventual &lt;i&gt;big brother&lt;/i&gt; cibernético, um suicídio de poder provavelmente não muito desejável.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-4734618192214835789?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/4734618192214835789/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=4734618192214835789&amp;isPopup=true' title='1 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/4734618192214835789'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/4734618192214835789'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/02/progresso.html' title='Progresso'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-6200031181717095570</id><published>2011-02-02T22:59:00.001Z</published><updated>2011-02-02T22:59:00.409Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='cognição'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='citações'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='ciência'/><title type='text'></title><content type='html'>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"[...] many statistical results from scientific studies that showed great significance early in the analysis are less and less robust in later studies. For instance, a pharmaceutical company may release a new drug with great fanfare that showed extremely promising results in clinical trials, and then later, when numbers from its use in the general public trickle back, shows much smaller effects. Or a scientific observation of mate choice in swallows may first show a clear preference for symmetry, but as time passes and more species are examined or the same species is re-examined, the effect seems to fade.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;This isn't surprising at all. It's what we expect, and there are many very good reasons for the shift.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li style="margin-left: 15px; "&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Regression to the mean: As the number of data points increases, we expect the average values to regress to the true mean…and since often the initial work is done on the basis of promising early results, we expect more data to even out a fortuitously significant early outcome.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-left: 15px; "&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;The file drawer effect: Results that are not significant are hard to publish, and end up stashed away in a cabinet. However, as a result becomes established, contrary results become more interesting and publishable.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-left: 15px; "&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Investigator bias: It's difficult to maintain scientific dispassion. We'd all love to see our hypotheses validated, so we tend to consciously or unconsciously select reseults that favor our views.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-left: 15px; "&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Commercial bias: Drug companies want to make money. They can make money off a placebo if there is some statistical support for it; there is certainly a bias towards exploiting statistical outliers for profit.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-left: 15px; "&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Population variance: Success in a well-defined subset of the population may lead to a bit of creep: if the drug helps this group with well-defined symptoms, maybe we should try it on this other group with marginal symptoms. And it doesn't…but those numbers will still be used in estimating its overall efficacy.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-left: 15px; "&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Simple chance: This is a hard one to get across to people, I've found. But if something is significant at the p=0.05 level, that still means that 1 in 20 experiments with a completely useless drug will still exhibit a significant effect.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="margin-left: 15px; "&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Statistical fishing: I hate this one, and I see it all the time. The &lt;i&gt;planned&lt;/i&gt; experiment revealed no significant results, so the data is pored over and any significant correlation is seized upon and published as if it was intended. See previous explanation. If the data set is complex enough, you'll &lt;i&gt;always&lt;/i&gt; find a correlation somewhere, purely by chance.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;[...] Yes, science is hard. Especially when you are dealing with extremely complex phenomena with multiple variables, it can be extremely difficult to demonstrate the validity of a hypothesis (I detest the word "prove" in science, which we don't do, and we know it; Lehrer should, too). What the decline effect demonstrates, when it occurs, is that just maybe the original hypothesis was &lt;i&gt;wrong&lt;/i&gt;." &lt;b&gt;P.Z.Myers&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Science is not Dead&lt;/i&gt;, blog &lt;a href="http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/"&gt;Pharyngula&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-6200031181717095570?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/6200031181717095570/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=6200031181717095570&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/6200031181717095570'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/6200031181717095570'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/02/blog-post.html' title=''/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-9223136062591283709</id><published>2011-01-27T07:11:00.001Z</published><updated>2011-01-28T10:37:35.825Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='cognição'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='citações'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='realidade'/><title type='text'>Umwelt</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"In 1909, the biologist Jakob von Uexküll introduced the concept of the umwelt. He wanted a word to express a simple (but often overlooked) observation: different animals in the same ecosystem pick up on different environmental signals. In the blind and deaf world of the tick, the important signals are temperature and the odor of butyric acid. For the black ghost knifefish, it's electrical fields. For the echolocating bat, it's air-compression waves. The small subset of the world that an animal is able to detect is its umwelt. The bigger reality, whatever that might mean, is called the umgebung. The interesting part is that each organism presumably assumes its umwelt to be the entire objective reality "out there." Why would any of us stop to think that there is more beyond what we can sense? [...] a blind person does not miss vision. They do not conceive of it. Electromagnetic radiation is simply not part of their umwelt. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;The more science taps into these hidden channels, the more it becomes clear that our brains are tuned to detect a shockingly small fraction of the surrounding reality. Our sensorium is enough to get by in our ecosystem, but is does not approximate the larger picture." David Eagleman [&lt;a href="http://www.edge.org/q2011/q11_14.html"&gt;link&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-9223136062591283709?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/9223136062591283709/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=9223136062591283709&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/9223136062591283709'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/9223136062591283709'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/01/umwelt.html' title='Umwelt'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-5671845866320357970</id><published>2011-01-24T10:44:00.000Z</published><updated>2011-01-24T10:44:00.346Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='sociedade'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='relações'/><title type='text'>Fronteiras</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;A xenofobia faz para uma comunidade o que a membrana faz à célula e as sinfonias de feromonas ao formigueiro. Elas definem a fronteira, são função de separação e controlo, de homeostase. Mas querem as comunidades ser comparadas com células e insectos?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-5671845866320357970?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/5671845866320357970/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=5671845866320357970&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/5671845866320357970'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/5671845866320357970'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/01/fronteiras.html' title='Fronteiras'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-465735808566759004</id><published>2011-01-20T07:13:00.001Z</published><updated>2011-01-28T10:37:55.703Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='citações'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='humor'/><title type='text'>Adaptação</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"When I was a child, I used to pray to God for a bicycle. But then I realized that God doesn't work in that way—so I stole a bike and prayed for forgiveness!" &lt;b&gt;Emo Philips&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-465735808566759004?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/465735808566759004/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=465735808566759004&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/465735808566759004'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/465735808566759004'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/01/adaptacao.html' title='Adaptação'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-6998742293883906948</id><published>2011-01-17T07:40:00.001Z</published><updated>2011-01-17T07:40:00.258Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='religião'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='sociedade'/><title type='text'>Ficções</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"Many anthropologists have observed that when they ask their native informants about «theological» details—their gods' whereabouts, specific history, and methods of acting in the world— their informants find the whole inquiry puzzling. Why should they be expected to know or care anything about that? Given this widely reported reaction, we should not dismiss the corrosive hypothesis that many of the truly exotic and arguably incoherent doctrines that have been unearthed by anthropologists over the years are artifacts of inquiry, not pre-existing creeds. It is possible that persistent questioning by anthropologists has composed a sort of innocently collaborative fiction, newly minted and crystallized dogmas generated when questioner and informant talk past each other until a mutually agreed-upon story results. The informants deeply believe in their gods—"Everybody knows they exist!"—but they may never before have thought about these details (maybe nobody in the culture has!), which would explain why their convictions are vague and indeterminate. Obliged to elaborate, they elaborate, taking their cues from the questions posed." &lt;b&gt;Daniel Dennett&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Breaking the Spell&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-6998742293883906948?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/6998742293883906948/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=6998742293883906948&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/6998742293883906948'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/6998742293883906948'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/01/ficcoes.html' title='Ficções'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-6756094386310769115</id><published>2011-01-14T10:31:00.002Z</published><updated>2011-01-14T10:37:56.863Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='religião'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='sociedade'/><title type='text'>Gestão danosa</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Quando se sabe muito pouco sobre o mundo, não é melhor criar e cultivar um modelo que tudo explica? E se este compensa para quem o aprende e para quem nele apostou o seu estatuto social, há medida que se cristaliza na cultura, na arte, na relação das pessoas, então o seu peso tende a esmagar as sementes de outras explicações. É admirável que a civilização europeia tenha rompido a inércia religiosa de séculos mas, em parte, é da responsabilidade dos seus representantes, pelos excessos deles próprios que não foram capazes de controlar.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-6756094386310769115?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/6756094386310769115/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=6756094386310769115&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/6756094386310769115'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/6756094386310769115'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/01/gestao-danosa.html' title='Gestão danosa'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-895575454074552011</id><published>2011-01-06T12:31:00.001Z</published><updated>2011-01-06T12:34:08.790Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='cognição'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='ética'/><title type='text'>Initio</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Quando se discute o relativo ou absoluto da ética, creio que usamos as pessoas como experiência e medida mas não o humano, que também somos, como base. Numa tábua rasa qualquer possibilidade ética coerente parece admissível. Mas a humanidade carrega um passado como espécie e os muitos compromissos das suas culturas. Está-nos inscrito um conjunto de restrições físicas e uma herança genética que limita a gama dos nossos comportamentos (de outra forma, não existiria a psicologia). Os seres humanos não são tábuas rasas. É esse diferente de zero que permite, por exemplo, a amamentação, o aprender da linguagem, o fundar da mente no que nos rodeia, criar um eu neste cérebro inchado de primata. E nessa gama do possível, um número ilimitado de personalidades, culturas, crenças e línguas. Porque não assumir algo similar para a ética? O diferente de zero é um ponto de partida para o que aceitamos e recusamos, para o que atrai e enoja. isto não significa ser o instinto um ideal - longe disso - mas uma força que é necessário reconhecer, algo que partilhamos como espécie e que não podemos esquecer nos argumentos filosóficos, legais ou científicos que tratam como podemos e devemos agir.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-895575454074552011?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/895575454074552011/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=895575454074552011&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/895575454074552011'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/895575454074552011'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/01/initio.html' title='Initio'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-2168266646042060262</id><published>2011-01-04T08:17:00.002Z</published><updated>2011-12-04T16:23:44.101Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='citações'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='realidade'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='ciência'/><title type='text'>Ontologia</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"[...] in our view, the existence of a real world that was not created in our imagination, and which continues to go about its business according to its own laws, independently of what humans think or do, is the primary experimental fact of all, without which there would be no point to physics or any other science. The whole purpose of science is learn what that reality is and what its laws are. [...] Any theory about reality can have no consequences testable by us unless it can also describe what humans can see and know. For example, special relativity theory implies that it is fundamentally impossible for us to have knowledge of any event that lies outside our past light cone. Although our ultimate goal is ontological, the process of achieving that goal necessarily involves the acquisition and processing of human information. This information processing aspect of science has not, in our view, been sufficiently stressed by scientists. [...] We suggest that the proper tool for incorporating human information into science is simply probability theory and not the currently taught "random variable" kind, but the original llogical inference" kind of James Bernoulli and Laplace. For historical reasons [...] this is often called "Bayesian inference". When supplemented by the notion of information entropy, this becomes a mathematical tool for scientific reasoning of such power and versatility that we think it will require Centuries to explore all its capabilities." &lt;b&gt;E.T. Jaynes&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Probability in Quantum Theory&lt;/i&gt; (1996)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-2168266646042060262?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/2168266646042060262/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=2168266646042060262&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/2168266646042060262'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/2168266646042060262'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2011/01/ontologia.html' title='Ontologia'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5625672.post-3720269520389172865</id><published>2010-12-14T10:02:00.004Z</published><updated>2010-12-14T10:11:08.932Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='matemática'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='ciência'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='sociedade'/><title type='text'>Separação</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;A matemática não produz resultados que tenham necessariamente a ver com o mundo real. Os seus teoremas e demonstrações são sobre objectos ideais, enquanto nós lidaremos sempre com aproximações e isso é já todo um mundo de distância. É arriscado forçar as conclusões matemáticas a eventos da realidade física, social e cognitiva. Há uma fronteira assimptótica entre a certeza e o impossível por um lado, e as probabilidades por outro. A dedução é a ferramenta para lidar com as primeiras e ao seu uso chamamos matemática. A indução é a ferramenta para lidar com as segundas e ao seu uso designamos método científico.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5625672-3720269520389172865?l=sonhoslx.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/feeds/3720269520389172865/comments/default' title='Enviar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=5625672&amp;postID=3720269520389172865&amp;isPopup=true' title='2 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/3720269520389172865'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5625672/posts/default/3720269520389172865'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://sonhoslx.blogspot.com/2010/12/separa%C3%A7%C3%A3o.html' title='Separação'/><author><name>João Neto</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/05560718055133816500</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fn4kY_PH5BY/S4KjVgpw37I/AAAAAAAAD8I/J_VZFnvzzDs/s1600-R/AIbEiAIAAABDCMGnl6SRsfqpYyILdmNhcmRfcGhvdG8qKDQzYzFmZmZkZDZmYjc4MTA4NDA2MzVjMDQ4NTI1ZjU0ZDU2YmYyNmQwAX8JNfDUjUvprpJ6-quOc-E6Dmtn'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry></feed>
